 在 TensorFlow.org 上查看 |
 在 Google Colab 中运行 |
 在 GitHub 上查看源代码 |
 下载笔记本 |
简介
您在进行监督学习时可以使用 fit()，一切都可以顺利完成。
需要从头开始编写自己的训练循环时，您可以使用 GradientTape 并控制每个微小的细节。
但如果您需要自定义训练算法，又想从 fit() 的便捷功能（例如回调、内置分布支持或步骤融合）中受益，那么该怎么做？
Keras 的核心原则是渐进式呈现复杂性。您应当始终能够以渐进的方式习惯较低级别的工作流。如果高级功能并不完全符合您的用例，那么您就不应深陷其中。您应当能够从容地控制微小的细节，同时保留与之相称的高级便利性。
需要自定义 fit() 的功能时，您应重写 Model 类的训练步骤函数。此函数是 fit() 会针对每批次数据调用的函数。然后，您将能够像往常一样调用 fit()，它将运行您自己的学习算法。
请注意，此模式不会妨碍您使用函数式 API 构建模型。无论是构建 Sequential 模型、函数式 API 模型还是子类模型，均可采用这种模式。
让我们了解一下它的工作方式。
设置
需要 TensorFlow 2.2 或更高版本。
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
2022-12-14 21:58:38.950990: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory 2022-12-14 21:58:38.951077: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer_plugin.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer_plugin.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory 2022-12-14 21:58:38.951086: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Cannot dlopen some TensorRT libraries. If you would like to use Nvidia GPU with TensorRT, please make sure the missing libraries mentioned above are installed properly.
第一个简单的示例
让我们从一个简单的示例开始：
- 创建一个将
keras.Model子类化的新类。 - 仅重写
train_step(self, data)方法。 - 返回一个将指标名称（包括损失）映射到其当前值的字典。
输入参数 data 是传递以拟合训练数据的数据：
- 如果通过调用
fit(x, y, ...)传递 Numpy 数组，则data将为元祖(x, y)。 - 如果通过调用
fit(dataset, ...)传递tf.data.Dataset，则data将为每批次dataset产生的数据。
我们在 train_step 方法的主体中实现了定期的训练更新，类似于您已经熟悉的内容。重要的是，我们通过 self.compiled_loss 计算损失，它会封装传递给 compile() 的损失函数。
同样，我们调用 self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred) 来更新在 compile() 中传递的指标的状态，并在最后从 self.metrics 中查询结果以检索其当前值。
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def train_step(self, data):
# Unpack the data. Its structure depends on your model and
# on what you pass to `fit()`.
x, y = data
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y_pred = self(x, training=True) # Forward pass
# Compute the loss value
# (the loss function is configured in `compile()`)
loss = self.compiled_loss(y, y_pred, regularization_losses=self.losses)
# Compute gradients
trainable_vars = self.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars)
# Update weights
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars))
# Update metrics (includes the metric that tracks the loss)
self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred)
# Return a dict mapping metric names to current value
return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}
我们来试一下：
import numpy as np
# Construct and compile an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
model.compile(optimizer="adam", loss="mse", metrics=["mae"])
# Just use `fit` as usual
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.fit(x, y, epochs=3)
Epoch 1/3 32/32 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 1.8958 - mae: 1.2818 Epoch 2/3 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.8889 - mae: 0.8171 Epoch 3/3 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4363 - mae: 0.5347 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f9f90038e20>
在更低级别上操作
当然，您可以直接跳过在 compile() 中传递损失函数，而在 train_step 中手动完成所有内容。指标也是如此。
以下是一个较低级别的示例，仅使用 compile() 配置优化器：
- 我们从创建
Metric实例以跟踪我们的损失和 MAE 得分开始。 - 我们实现可更新这些指标状态（通过对指标调用
update_state()）的自定义train_step()，然后对其进行查询（通过result()）以返回其当前平均值，由进度条显示并传递给任何回调。 - 请注意，需要在每个周期之间对指标调用
reset_states()！否则，调用result()会返回自训练开始以来的平均值，但我们通常要使用的是每个周期的平均值。幸运的是，该框架可以帮助我们实现：只需在模型的metrics属性中列出要重置的任何指标。模型将在每个fit()周期开始时或在开始调用evaluate()时对其中列出的任何对象调用reset_states()。
loss_tracker = keras.metrics.Mean(name="loss")
mae_metric = keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError(name="mae")
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def train_step(self, data):
x, y = data
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y_pred = self(x, training=True) # Forward pass
# Compute our own loss
loss = keras.losses.mean_squared_error(y, y_pred)
# Compute gradients
trainable_vars = self.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars)
# Update weights
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars))
# Compute our own metrics
loss_tracker.update_state(loss)
mae_metric.update_state(y, y_pred)
return {"loss": loss_tracker.result(), "mae": mae_metric.result()}
@property
def metrics(self):
# We list our `Metric` objects here so that `reset_states()` can be
# called automatically at the start of each epoch
# or at the start of `evaluate()`.
# If you don't implement this property, you have to call
# `reset_states()` yourself at the time of your choosing.
return [loss_tracker, mae_metric]
# Construct an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
# We don't passs a loss or metrics here.
model.compile(optimizer="adam")
# Just use `fit` as usual -- you can use callbacks, etc.
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.fit(x, y, epochs=5)
Epoch 1/5 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2442 - mae: 0.3902 Epoch 2/5 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2286 - mae: 0.3773 Epoch 3/5 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2163 - mae: 0.3672 Epoch 4/5 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.2047 - mae: 0.3578 Epoch 5/5 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1942 - mae: 0.3491 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f9f6c339f70>
支持 sample_weight 和 class_weight
您可能已经注意到，我们的第一个基本示例并没有提及样本加权。如果要支持 fit() 参数 sample_weight 和 class_weight，只需执行以下操作：
- 从
data参数中解包sample_weight - 将其传递给
compiled_loss和compiled_metrics（当然，如果您不依赖compile()来获取损失和指标，也可以手动应用） - 就是这么简单。
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def train_step(self, data):
# Unpack the data. Its structure depends on your model and
# on what you pass to `fit()`.
if len(data) == 3:
x, y, sample_weight = data
else:
sample_weight = None
x, y = data
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y_pred = self(x, training=True) # Forward pass
# Compute the loss value.
# The loss function is configured in `compile()`.
loss = self.compiled_loss(
y,
y_pred,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
regularization_losses=self.losses,
)
# Compute gradients
trainable_vars = self.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars)
# Update weights
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars))
# Update the metrics.
# Metrics are configured in `compile()`.
self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred, sample_weight=sample_weight)
# Return a dict mapping metric names to current value.
# Note that it will include the loss (tracked in self.metrics).
return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}
# Construct and compile an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
model.compile(optimizer="adam", loss="mse", metrics=["mae"])
# You can now use sample_weight argument
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
sw = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.fit(x, y, sample_weight=sw, epochs=3)
Epoch 1/3 32/32 [==============================] - 1s 2ms/step - loss: 0.3687 - mae: 0.7165 Epoch 2/3 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1641 - mae: 0.4603 Epoch 3/3 32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.1271 - mae: 0.4127 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f9f6c2f40d0>
提供您自己的评估步骤
如何对调用 model.evaluate() 进行相同的处理？您需要以完全相同的方式重写 test_step。如下所示：
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def test_step(self, data):
# Unpack the data
x, y = data
# Compute predictions
y_pred = self(x, training=False)
# Updates the metrics tracking the loss
self.compiled_loss(y, y_pred, regularization_losses=self.losses)
# Update the metrics.
self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred)
# Return a dict mapping metric names to current value.
# Note that it will include the loss (tracked in self.metrics).
return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}
# Construct an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
model.compile(loss="mse", metrics=["mae"])
# Evaluate with our custom test_step
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.evaluate(x, y)
32/32 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.4197 - mae: 0.5246 [0.4196917414665222, 0.5245950818061829]
总结：端到端 GAN 示例
让我们看一个利用您刚刚所学全部内容的端到端示例。
请考虑：
- 旨在生成 28x28x1 图像的生成器网络。
- 旨在将 28x28x1 图像分为两类（“fake”和“real”）的鉴别器网络。
- 分别用于两个网络的优化器。
- 训练鉴别器的损失函数。
from tensorflow.keras import layers
# Create the discriminator
discriminator = keras.Sequential(
[
keras.Input(shape=(28, 28, 1)),
layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.GlobalMaxPooling2D(),
layers.Dense(1),
],
name="discriminator",
)
# Create the generator
latent_dim = 128
generator = keras.Sequential(
[
keras.Input(shape=(latent_dim,)),
# We want to generate 128 coefficients to reshape into a 7x7x128 map
layers.Dense(7 * 7 * 128),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Reshape((7, 7, 128)),
layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (4, 4), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (4, 4), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Conv2D(1, (7, 7), padding="same", activation="sigmoid"),
],
name="generator",
)
这是特征齐全的 GAN 类，重写了 compile() 以使用其自己的签名，并在 train_step 的 17 行中实现了整个 GAN 算法：
class GAN(keras.Model):
def __init__(self, discriminator, generator, latent_dim):
super(GAN, self).__init__()
self.discriminator = discriminator
self.generator = generator
self.latent_dim = latent_dim
def compile(self, d_optimizer, g_optimizer, loss_fn):
super(GAN, self).compile()
self.d_optimizer = d_optimizer
self.g_optimizer = g_optimizer
self.loss_fn = loss_fn
def train_step(self, real_images):
if isinstance(real_images, tuple):
real_images = real_images[0]
# Sample random points in the latent space
batch_size = tf.shape(real_images)[0]
random_latent_vectors = tf.random.normal(shape=(batch_size, self.latent_dim))
# Decode them to fake images
generated_images = self.generator(random_latent_vectors)
# Combine them with real images
combined_images = tf.concat([generated_images, real_images], axis=0)
# Assemble labels discriminating real from fake images
labels = tf.concat(
[tf.ones((batch_size, 1)), tf.zeros((batch_size, 1))], axis=0
)
# Add random noise to the labels - important trick!
labels += 0.05 * tf.random.uniform(tf.shape(labels))
# Train the discriminator
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
predictions = self.discriminator(combined_images)
d_loss = self.loss_fn(labels, predictions)
grads = tape.gradient(d_loss, self.discriminator.trainable_weights)
self.d_optimizer.apply_gradients(
zip(grads, self.discriminator.trainable_weights)
)
# Sample random points in the latent space
random_latent_vectors = tf.random.normal(shape=(batch_size, self.latent_dim))
# Assemble labels that say "all real images"
misleading_labels = tf.zeros((batch_size, 1))
# Train the generator (note that we should *not* update the weights
# of the discriminator)!
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
predictions = self.discriminator(self.generator(random_latent_vectors))
g_loss = self.loss_fn(misleading_labels, predictions)
grads = tape.gradient(g_loss, self.generator.trainable_weights)
self.g_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, self.generator.trainable_weights))
return {"d_loss": d_loss, "g_loss": g_loss}
让我们对其进行测试：
# Prepare the dataset. We use both the training & test MNIST digits.
batch_size = 64
(x_train, _), (x_test, _) = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
all_digits = np.concatenate([x_train, x_test])
all_digits = all_digits.astype("float32") / 255.0
all_digits = np.reshape(all_digits, (-1, 28, 28, 1))
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(all_digits)
dataset = dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=1024).batch(batch_size)
gan = GAN(discriminator=discriminator, generator=generator, latent_dim=latent_dim)
gan.compile(
d_optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.0003),
g_optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.0003),
loss_fn=keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
)
# To limit the execution time, we only train on 100 batches. You can train on
# the entire dataset. You will need about 20 epochs to get nice results.
gan.fit(dataset.take(100), epochs=1)
100/100 [==============================] - 5s 15ms/step - d_loss: 0.5041 - g_loss: 0.9849 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7f9f6c0f9370>
深度学习背后的思想十分简单，那么实现又何必复杂呢？