 在 TensorFlow.org 上查看 |
 在 Google Colab 中运行 |
 在 GitHub 上查看源代码 |
 下载笔记本 |
设置
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
2022-12-14 21:33:02.655873: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory 2022-12-14 21:33:02.655988: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer_plugin.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer_plugin.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory 2022-12-14 21:33:02.655999: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Cannot dlopen some TensorRT libraries. If you would like to use Nvidia GPU with TensorRT, please make sure the missing libraries mentioned above are installed properly.
Layer 类：状态（权重）和部分计算的组合
Keras 的一个中心抽象是 Layer 类。层封装了状态（层的“权重”）和从输入到输出的转换（“调用”，即层的前向传递）。
下面是一个密集连接的层。它具有一个状态：变量 w 和 b。
class Linear(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32, input_dim=32):
super(Linear, self).__init__()
w_init = tf.random_normal_initializer()
self.w = tf.Variable(
initial_value=w_init(shape=(input_dim, units), dtype="float32"),
trainable=True,
)
b_init = tf.zeros_initializer()
self.b = tf.Variable(
initial_value=b_init(shape=(units,), dtype="float32"), trainable=True
)
def call(self, inputs):
return tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
您可以在某些张量输入上通过调用来使用层，这一点很像 Python 函数。
x = tf.ones((2, 2))
linear_layer = Linear(4, 2)
y = linear_layer(x)
print(y)
tf.Tensor( [[-0.00204108 -0.04129961 -0.01273937 -0.1288575 ] [-0.00204108 -0.04129961 -0.01273937 -0.1288575 ]], shape=(2, 4), dtype=float32)
请注意，权重 w 和 b 在被设置为层特性后会由层自动跟踪：
assert linear_layer.weights == [linear_layer.w, linear_layer.b]
请注意，您还可以使用一种更加快捷的方式为层添加权重：add_weight() 方法：
class Linear(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32, input_dim=32):
super(Linear, self).__init__()
self.w = self.add_weight(
shape=(input_dim, units), initializer="random_normal", trainable=True
)
self.b = self.add_weight(shape=(units,), initializer="zeros", trainable=True)
def call(self, inputs):
return tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
x = tf.ones((2, 2))
linear_layer = Linear(4, 2)
y = linear_layer(x)
print(y)
tf.Tensor( [[-0.11710902 0.10924062 0.02172409 0.02696215] [-0.11710902 0.10924062 0.02172409 0.02696215]], shape=(2, 4), dtype=float32)
层可以具有不可训练权重
除了可训练权重外，您还可以向层添加不可训练权重。训练层时，不必在反向传播期间考虑此类权重。
以下是添加和使用不可训练权重的方式：
class ComputeSum(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, input_dim):
super(ComputeSum, self).__init__()
self.total = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.zeros((input_dim,)), trainable=False)
def call(self, inputs):
self.total.assign_add(tf.reduce_sum(inputs, axis=0))
return self.total
x = tf.ones((2, 2))
my_sum = ComputeSum(2)
y = my_sum(x)
print(y.numpy())
y = my_sum(x)
print(y.numpy())
[2. 2.] [4. 4.]
它是 layer.weights 的一部分，但被归类为不可训练权重：
print("weights:", len(my_sum.weights))
print("non-trainable weights:", len(my_sum.non_trainable_weights))
# It's not included in the trainable weights:
print("trainable_weights:", my_sum.trainable_weights)
weights: 1 non-trainable weights: 1 trainable_weights: []
最佳做法：将权重创建推迟到得知输入的形状之后
上面的 Linear 层接受了一个 input_dim 参数，用于计算 __init__() 中权重 w 和 b 的形状：
class Linear(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32, input_dim=32):
super(Linear, self).__init__()
self.w = self.add_weight(
shape=(input_dim, units), initializer="random_normal", trainable=True
)
self.b = self.add_weight(shape=(units,), initializer="zeros", trainable=True)
def call(self, inputs):
return tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
在许多情况下，您可能事先不知道输入的大小，并希望在得知该值时（对层进行实例化后的某个时间）再延迟创建权重。
在 Keras API 中，我们建议您在层的 build(self, inputs_shape) 方法中创建层权重。如下所示：
class Linear(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32):
super(Linear, self).__init__()
self.units = units
def build(self, input_shape):
self.w = self.add_weight(
shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
initializer="random_normal",
trainable=True,
)
self.b = self.add_weight(
shape=(self.units,), initializer="random_normal", trainable=True
)
def call(self, inputs):
return tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
层的 __call__() 方法将在首次调用时自动运行构建。现在，您有了一个延迟并因此更易使用的层：
# At instantiation, we don't know on what inputs this is going to get called
linear_layer = Linear(32)
# The layer's weights are created dynamically the first time the layer is called
y = linear_layer(x)
如上所示单独实现 build() 很好地将只创建一次权重与在每次调用时使用权重分开。但是，对于一些高级自定义层，将状态创建和计算分开可能变得不切实际。层实现器可以将权重创建推迟到第一个 __call__()，但需要注意，后面的调用会使用相同的权重。此外，由于 __call__() 很可能是第一次在 tf.function 中执行，在 __call__() 中发生的任何变量创建都应当封装在 tf.init_scope 中。
层可递归组合
如果将层实例分配为另一个层的特性，则外部层将开始跟踪内部层创建的权重。
我们建议在 __init__() 方法中创建此类子层，并将其留给第一个 __call__() 以触发构建它们的权重。
class MLPBlock(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self):
super(MLPBlock, self).__init__()
self.linear_1 = Linear(32)
self.linear_2 = Linear(32)
self.linear_3 = Linear(1)
def call(self, inputs):
x = self.linear_1(inputs)
x = tf.nn.relu(x)
x = self.linear_2(x)
x = tf.nn.relu(x)
return self.linear_3(x)
mlp = MLPBlock()
y = mlp(tf.ones(shape=(3, 64))) # The first call to the `mlp` will create the weights
print("weights:", len(mlp.weights))
print("trainable weights:", len(mlp.trainable_weights))
weights: 6 trainable weights: 6
add_loss() 方法
在编写层的 call() 方法时，您可以在编写训练循环时创建想要稍后使用的损失张量。这可以通过调用 self.add_loss(value) 来实现：
# A layer that creates an activity regularization loss
class ActivityRegularizationLayer(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, rate=1e-2):
super(ActivityRegularizationLayer, self).__init__()
self.rate = rate
def call(self, inputs):
self.add_loss(self.rate * tf.reduce_sum(inputs))
return inputs
这些损失（包括由任何内部层创建的损失）可通过 layer.losses 取回。此属性会在每个 __call__() 开始时重置到顶层，因此 layer.losses 始终包含在上一次前向传递过程中创建的损失值。
class OuterLayer(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self):
super(OuterLayer, self).__init__()
self.activity_reg = ActivityRegularizationLayer(1e-2)
def call(self, inputs):
return self.activity_reg(inputs)
layer = OuterLayer()
assert len(layer.losses) == 0 # No losses yet since the layer has never been called
_ = layer(tf.zeros(1, 1))
assert len(layer.losses) == 1 # We created one loss value
# `layer.losses` gets reset at the start of each __call__
_ = layer(tf.zeros(1, 1))
assert len(layer.losses) == 1 # This is the loss created during the call above
此外，loss 属性还包含为任何内部层的权重创建的正则化损失：
class OuterLayerWithKernelRegularizer(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self):
super(OuterLayerWithKernelRegularizer, self).__init__()
self.dense = keras.layers.Dense(
32, kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(1e-3)
)
def call(self, inputs):
return self.dense(inputs)
layer = OuterLayerWithKernelRegularizer()
_ = layer(tf.zeros((1, 1)))
# This is `1e-3 * sum(layer.dense.kernel ** 2)`,
# created by the `kernel_regularizer` above.
print(layer.losses)
[<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=0.0021994286>]
在编写训练循环时应考虑这些损失，如下所示：
# Instantiate an optimizer.
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=1e-3)
loss_fn = keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True)
# Iterate over the batches of a dataset.
for x_batch_train, y_batch_train in train_dataset:
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
logits = layer(x_batch_train) # Logits for this minibatch
# Loss value for this minibatch
loss_value = loss_fn(y_batch_train, logits)
# Add extra losses created during this forward pass:
loss_value += sum(model.losses)
grads = tape.gradient(loss_value, model.trainable_weights)
optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, model.trainable_weights))
有关编写训练循环的详细指南，请参阅从头开始编写训练循环指南。
这些损失还可以无缝使用 fit()（它们会自动求和并添加到主损失中，如果有）：
import numpy as np
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(3,))
outputs = ActivityRegularizationLayer()(inputs)
model = keras.Model(inputs, outputs)
# If there is a loss passed in `compile`, the regularization
# losses get added to it
model.compile(optimizer="adam", loss="mse")
model.fit(np.random.random((2, 3)), np.random.random((2, 3)))
# It's also possible not to pass any loss in `compile`,
# since the model already has a loss to minimize, via the `add_loss`
# call during the forward pass!
model.compile(optimizer="adam")
model.fit(np.random.random((2, 3)), np.random.random((2, 3)))
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 178ms/step - loss: 0.2993 1/1 [==============================] - 0s 33ms/step - loss: 0.0257 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fd7c594fe80>
add_metric() 方法
与 add_loss() 类似，层还具有 add_metric() 方法，用于在训练过程中跟踪数量的移动平均值。
请思考下面的 "logistic endpoint" 层。它将预测和目标作为输入，计算通过 add_loss() 跟踪的损失，并计算通过 add_metric() 跟踪的准确率标量。
class LogisticEndpoint(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, name=None):
super(LogisticEndpoint, self).__init__(name=name)
self.loss_fn = keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True)
self.accuracy_fn = keras.metrics.BinaryAccuracy()
def call(self, targets, logits, sample_weights=None):
# Compute the training-time loss value and add it
# to the layer using `self.add_loss()`.
loss = self.loss_fn(targets, logits, sample_weights)
self.add_loss(loss)
# Log accuracy as a metric and add it
# to the layer using `self.add_metric()`.
acc = self.accuracy_fn(targets, logits, sample_weights)
self.add_metric(acc, name="accuracy")
# Return the inference-time prediction tensor (for `.predict()`).
return tf.nn.softmax(logits)
可通过 layer.metrics 访问以这种方式跟踪的指标：
layer = LogisticEndpoint()
targets = tf.ones((2, 2))
logits = tf.ones((2, 2))
y = layer(targets, logits)
print("layer.metrics:", layer.metrics)
print("current accuracy value:", float(layer.metrics[0].result()))
layer.metrics: [<keras.metrics.metrics.BinaryAccuracy object at 0x7fd630047430>] current accuracy value: 1.0
和 add_loss() 一样，这些指标也是通过 fit() 跟踪的：
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(3,), name="inputs")
targets = keras.Input(shape=(10,), name="targets")
logits = keras.layers.Dense(10)(inputs)
predictions = LogisticEndpoint(name="predictions")(logits, targets)
model = keras.Model(inputs=[inputs, targets], outputs=predictions)
model.compile(optimizer="adam")
data = {
"inputs": np.random.random((3, 3)),
"targets": np.random.random((3, 10)),
}
model.fit(data)
1/1 [==============================] - 1s 594ms/step - loss: 0.9536 - binary_accuracy: 0.0000e+00 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fd7c59a8940>
可选择在层上启用序列化
如果需要将自定义层作为函数式模型的一部分进行序列化，您可以选择实现 get_config() 方法：
class Linear(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32):
super(Linear, self).__init__()
self.units = units
def build(self, input_shape):
self.w = self.add_weight(
shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
initializer="random_normal",
trainable=True,
)
self.b = self.add_weight(
shape=(self.units,), initializer="random_normal", trainable=True
)
def call(self, inputs):
return tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
def get_config(self):
return {"units": self.units}
# Now you can recreate the layer from its config:
layer = Linear(64)
config = layer.get_config()
print(config)
new_layer = Linear.from_config(config)
{'units': 64}
请注意，基础 Layer 类的 __init__() 方法会接受一些关键字参数，尤其是 name 和 dtype。最好将这些参数传递给 __init__() 中的父类，并将其包含在层配置中：
class Linear(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32, **kwargs):
super(Linear, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.units = units
def build(self, input_shape):
self.w = self.add_weight(
shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
initializer="random_normal",
trainable=True,
)
self.b = self.add_weight(
shape=(self.units,), initializer="random_normal", trainable=True
)
def call(self, inputs):
return tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
def get_config(self):
config = super(Linear, self).get_config()
config.update({"units": self.units})
return config
layer = Linear(64)
config = layer.get_config()
print(config)
new_layer = Linear.from_config(config)
{'name': 'linear_8', 'trainable': True, 'dtype': 'float32', 'units': 64}
如果根据层的配置对层进行反序列化时需要更大的灵活性，还可以重写 from_config() 类方法。下面是 from_config() 的基础实现：
def from_config(cls, config):
return cls(**config)
要详细了解序列化和保存，请参阅完整的保存和序列化模型指南。
call() 方法中的特权 training 参数
某些层，尤其是 BatchNormalization 层和 Dropout 层，在训练和推断期间具有不同的行为。对于此类层，标准做法是在 call() 方法中公开 training（布尔）参数。
通过在 call() 中公开此参数，可以启用内置的训练和评估循环（例如 fit()）以在训练和推断中正确使用层。
class CustomDropout(keras.layers.Layer):
def __init__(self, rate, **kwargs):
super(CustomDropout, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.rate = rate
def call(self, inputs, training=None):
if training:
return tf.nn.dropout(inputs, rate=self.rate)
return inputs
call() 方法中的特权 mask 参数
call() 支持的另一个特权参数是 mask 参数。
它会出现在所有 Keras RNN 层中。掩码是布尔张量（在输入中每个时间步骤对应一个布尔值），用于在处理时间序列数据时跳过某些输入时间步骤。
当先前的层生成掩码时，Keras 会自动将正确的 mask 参数传递给 __call__()（针对支持它的层）。掩码生成层是配置了 mask_zero=True 的 Embedding 层和 Masking 层。
要详细了解遮盖以及如何编写启用遮盖的层，请查看了解填充和遮盖指南。
Model 类
通常，您会使用 Layer 类来定义内部计算块，并使用 Model 类来定义外部模型，即您将训练的对象。
例如，在 ResNet50 模型中，您会有几个子类化 Layer 的 ResNet 块，以及一个包含整个 ResNet50 网络的 Model。
Model 类具有与 Layer 相同的 API，但有如下区别：
- 它会公开内置训练、评估和预测循环（
model.fit()、model.evaluate()、model.predict()）。 - 它会通过
model.layers属性公开其内部层的列表。 - 它会公开保存和序列化 API（
save()、save_weights()…）
实际上，Layer 类对应于我们在文献中所称的“层”（如“卷积层”或“循环层”）或“块”（如“ResNet 块”或“Inception 块”）。
同时，Model 类对应于文献中所称的“模型”（如“深度学习模型”）或“网络”（如“深度神经网络”）。
因此，如果您想知道“我应该用 Layer 类还是 Model 类？”，请问自己：我是否需要在它上面调用 fit()？我是否需要在它上面调用 save()？如果是，则使用 Model。如果不是（要么因为您的类只是更大系统中的一个块，要么因为您正在自己编写训练和保存代码），则使用 Layer。
例如，我们可以使用上面的 mini-resnet 示例，用它来构建一个 Model，该模型可以通过 fit() 进行训练，并通过 save_weights() 进行保存：
class ResNet(tf.keras.Model):
def __init__(self, num_classes=1000):
super(ResNet, self).__init__()
self.block_1 = ResNetBlock()
self.block_2 = ResNetBlock()
self.global_pool = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()
self.classifier = Dense(num_classes)
def call(self, inputs):
x = self.block_1(inputs)
x = self.block_2(x)
x = self.global_pool(x)
return self.classifier(x)
resnet = ResNet()
dataset = ...
resnet.fit(dataset, epochs=10)
resnet.save(filepath)
汇总：端到端示例
到目前为止，您已学习以下内容：
Layer封装了状态（在__init__()或build()中创建）和一些计算（在call()中定义）。- 层可以递归嵌套以创建新的更大的计算块。
- 层可以通过
add_loss()和add_metric()创建并跟踪损失（通常是正则化损失）以及指标。 - 您要训练的外部容器是
Model。Model就像Layer，但是添加了训练和序列化实用工具。
让我们将这些内容全部汇总到一个端到端示例：我们将实现一个变分自动编码器 (VAE)，并用 MNIST 数字对其进行训练。
我们的 VAE 将是 Model 的一个子类，它是作为子类化 Layer 的嵌套组合层进行构建的。它将具有正则化损失（KL 散度）。
from tensorflow.keras import layers
class Sampling(layers.Layer):
"""Uses (z_mean, z_log_var) to sample z, the vector encoding a digit."""
def call(self, inputs):
z_mean, z_log_var = inputs
batch = tf.shape(z_mean)[0]
dim = tf.shape(z_mean)[1]
epsilon = tf.keras.backend.random_normal(shape=(batch, dim))
return z_mean + tf.exp(0.5 * z_log_var) * epsilon
class Encoder(layers.Layer):
"""Maps MNIST digits to a triplet (z_mean, z_log_var, z)."""
def __init__(self, latent_dim=32, intermediate_dim=64, name="encoder", **kwargs):
super(Encoder, self).__init__(name=name, **kwargs)
self.dense_proj = layers.Dense(intermediate_dim, activation="relu")
self.dense_mean = layers.Dense(latent_dim)
self.dense_log_var = layers.Dense(latent_dim)
self.sampling = Sampling()
def call(self, inputs):
x = self.dense_proj(inputs)
z_mean = self.dense_mean(x)
z_log_var = self.dense_log_var(x)
z = self.sampling((z_mean, z_log_var))
return z_mean, z_log_var, z
class Decoder(layers.Layer):
"""Converts z, the encoded digit vector, back into a readable digit."""
def __init__(self, original_dim, intermediate_dim=64, name="decoder", **kwargs):
super(Decoder, self).__init__(name=name, **kwargs)
self.dense_proj = layers.Dense(intermediate_dim, activation="relu")
self.dense_output = layers.Dense(original_dim, activation="sigmoid")
def call(self, inputs):
x = self.dense_proj(inputs)
return self.dense_output(x)
class VariationalAutoEncoder(keras.Model):
"""Combines the encoder and decoder into an end-to-end model for training."""
def __init__(
self,
original_dim,
intermediate_dim=64,
latent_dim=32,
name="autoencoder",
**kwargs
):
super(VariationalAutoEncoder, self).__init__(name=name, **kwargs)
self.original_dim = original_dim
self.encoder = Encoder(latent_dim=latent_dim, intermediate_dim=intermediate_dim)
self.decoder = Decoder(original_dim, intermediate_dim=intermediate_dim)
def call(self, inputs):
z_mean, z_log_var, z = self.encoder(inputs)
reconstructed = self.decoder(z)
# Add KL divergence regularization loss.
kl_loss = -0.5 * tf.reduce_mean(
z_log_var - tf.square(z_mean) - tf.exp(z_log_var) + 1
)
self.add_loss(kl_loss)
return reconstructed
让我们在 MNIST 上编写一个简单的训练循环：
original_dim = 784
vae = VariationalAutoEncoder(original_dim, 64, 32)
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3)
mse_loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError()
loss_metric = tf.keras.metrics.Mean()
(x_train, _), _ = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
x_train = x_train.reshape(60000, 784).astype("float32") / 255
train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(x_train)
train_dataset = train_dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=1024).batch(64)
epochs = 2
# Iterate over epochs.
for epoch in range(epochs):
print("Start of epoch %d" % (epoch,))
# Iterate over the batches of the dataset.
for step, x_batch_train in enumerate(train_dataset):
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
reconstructed = vae(x_batch_train)
# Compute reconstruction loss
loss = mse_loss_fn(x_batch_train, reconstructed)
loss += sum(vae.losses) # Add KLD regularization loss
grads = tape.gradient(loss, vae.trainable_weights)
optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, vae.trainable_weights))
loss_metric(loss)
if step % 100 == 0:
print("step %d: mean loss = %.4f" % (step, loss_metric.result()))
Start of epoch 0 WARNING:tensorflow:5 out of the last 5 calls to <function _BaseOptimizer._update_step_xla at 0x7fd61c2ab8b0> triggered tf.function retracing. Tracing is expensive and the excessive number of tracings could be due to (1) creating @tf.function repeatedly in a loop, (2) passing tensors with different shapes, (3) passing Python objects instead of tensors. For (1), please define your @tf.function outside of the loop. For (2), @tf.function has reduce_retracing=True option that can avoid unnecessary retracing. For (3), please refer to https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/function#controlling_retracing and https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/function for more details. WARNING:tensorflow:6 out of the last 6 calls to <function _BaseOptimizer._update_step_xla at 0x7fd61c2ab8b0> triggered tf.function retracing. Tracing is expensive and the excessive number of tracings could be due to (1) creating @tf.function repeatedly in a loop, (2) passing tensors with different shapes, (3) passing Python objects instead of tensors. For (1), please define your @tf.function outside of the loop. For (2), @tf.function has reduce_retracing=True option that can avoid unnecessary retracing. For (3), please refer to https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/function#controlling_retracing and https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/function for more details. step 0: mean loss = 0.3351 step 100: mean loss = 0.1247 step 200: mean loss = 0.0988 step 300: mean loss = 0.0890 step 400: mean loss = 0.0841 step 500: mean loss = 0.0808 step 600: mean loss = 0.0786 step 700: mean loss = 0.0771 step 800: mean loss = 0.0759 step 900: mean loss = 0.0749 Start of epoch 1 step 0: mean loss = 0.0746 step 100: mean loss = 0.0739 step 200: mean loss = 0.0734 step 300: mean loss = 0.0730 step 400: mean loss = 0.0727 step 500: mean loss = 0.0723 step 600: mean loss = 0.0720 step 700: mean loss = 0.0717 step 800: mean loss = 0.0714 step 900: mean loss = 0.0712
请注意，由于 VAE 是 Model 的子类，它具有内置的训练循环。因此，您也可以用以下方式训练它：
vae = VariationalAutoEncoder(784, 64, 32)
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3)
vae.compile(optimizer, loss=tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError())
vae.fit(x_train, x_train, epochs=2, batch_size=64)
Epoch 1/2 938/938 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0747 Epoch 2/2 938/938 [==============================] - 3s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0676 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fd61c1b3160>
超越面向对象的开发：函数式 API
这个示例对您来说是否包含了太多面向对象的开发？您也可以使用函数式 API 来构建模型。重要的是，选择其中一种样式并不妨碍您利用以另一种样式编写的组件：您随时可以搭配使用。
例如，下面的函数式 API 示例重用了我们在上面的示例中定义的同一个 Sampling 层：
original_dim = 784
intermediate_dim = 64
latent_dim = 32
# Define encoder model.
original_inputs = tf.keras.Input(shape=(original_dim,), name="encoder_input")
x = layers.Dense(intermediate_dim, activation="relu")(original_inputs)
z_mean = layers.Dense(latent_dim, name="z_mean")(x)
z_log_var = layers.Dense(latent_dim, name="z_log_var")(x)
z = Sampling()((z_mean, z_log_var))
encoder = tf.keras.Model(inputs=original_inputs, outputs=z, name="encoder")
# Define decoder model.
latent_inputs = tf.keras.Input(shape=(latent_dim,), name="z_sampling")
x = layers.Dense(intermediate_dim, activation="relu")(latent_inputs)
outputs = layers.Dense(original_dim, activation="sigmoid")(x)
decoder = tf.keras.Model(inputs=latent_inputs, outputs=outputs, name="decoder")
# Define VAE model.
outputs = decoder(z)
vae = tf.keras.Model(inputs=original_inputs, outputs=outputs, name="vae")
# Add KL divergence regularization loss.
kl_loss = -0.5 * tf.reduce_mean(z_log_var - tf.square(z_mean) - tf.exp(z_log_var) + 1)
vae.add_loss(kl_loss)
# Train.
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3)
vae.compile(optimizer, loss=tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError())
vae.fit(x_train, x_train, epochs=3, batch_size=64)
Epoch 1/3 938/938 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0748 Epoch 2/3 938/938 [==============================] - 3s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0676 Epoch 3/3 938/938 [==============================] - 3s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0676 <keras.callbacks.History at 0x7fd6146fe6a0>
有关详情，请务必阅读函数式 API 指南。