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This tutorial demonstrates training a simple Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify CIFAR images. Because this tutorial uses the Keras Sequential API, creating and training our model will take just a few lines of code.
Import TensorFlow
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, models
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Download and prepare the CIFAR10 dataset
The CIFAR10 dataset contains 60,000 color images in 10 classes, with 6,000 images in each class. The dataset is divided into 50,000 training images and 10,000 testing images. The classes are mutually exclusive and there is no overlap between them.
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = datasets.cifar10.load_data()
# Normalize pixel values to be between 0 and 1
train_images, test_images = train_images / 255.0, test_images / 255.0
Downloading data from https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar-10-python.tar.gz 170500096/170498071 [==============================] - 11s 0us/step
Verify the data
To verify that the dataset looks correct, let's plot the first 25 images from the training set and display the class name below each image.
class_names = ['airplane', 'automobile', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer',
'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck']
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
for i in range(25):
plt.subplot(5,5,i+1)
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.grid(False)
plt.imshow(train_images[i], cmap=plt.cm.binary)
# The CIFAR labels happen to be arrays,
# which is why you need the extra index
plt.xlabel(class_names[train_labels[i][0]])
plt.show()
Create the convolutional base
The 6 lines of code below define the convolutional base using a common pattern: a stack of Conv2D and MaxPooling2D layers.
As input, a CNN takes tensors of shape (image_height, image_width, color_channels), ignoring the batch size. If you are new to these dimensions, color_channels refers to (R,G,B). In this example, you will configure our CNN to process inputs of shape (32, 32, 3), which is the format of CIFAR images. You can do this by passing the argument input_shape to our first layer.
model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(32, 32, 3)))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
Let's display the architecture of our model so far.
model.summary()
Model: "sequential" _________________________________________________________________ Layer (type) Output Shape Param # ================================================================= conv2d (Conv2D) (None, 30, 30, 32) 896 _________________________________________________________________ max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) (None, 15, 15, 32) 0 _________________________________________________________________ conv2d_1 (Conv2D) (None, 13, 13, 64) 18496 _________________________________________________________________ max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 6, 6, 64) 0 _________________________________________________________________ conv2d_2 (Conv2D) (None, 4, 4, 64) 36928 ================================================================= Total params: 56,320 Trainable params: 56,320 Non-trainable params: 0 _________________________________________________________________
Above, you can see that the output of every Conv2D and MaxPooling2D layer is a 3D tensor of shape (height, width, channels). The width and height dimensions tend to shrink as you go deeper in the network. The number of output channels for each Conv2D layer is controlled by the first argument (e.g., 32 or 64). Typically, as the width and height shrink, you can afford (computationally) to add more output channels in each Conv2D layer.
Add Dense layers on top
To complete our model, you will feed the last output tensor from the convolutional base (of shape (4, 4, 64)) into one or more Dense layers to perform classification. Dense layers take vectors as input (which are 1D), while the current output is a 3D tensor. First, you will flatten (or unroll) the 3D output to 1D, then add one or more Dense layers on top. CIFAR has 10 output classes, so you use a final Dense layer with 10 outputs and a softmax activation.
model.add(layers.Flatten())
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(10))
Here's the complete architecture of our model.
model.summary()
Model: "sequential" _________________________________________________________________ Layer (type) Output Shape Param # ================================================================= conv2d (Conv2D) (None, 30, 30, 32) 896 _________________________________________________________________ max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) (None, 15, 15, 32) 0 _________________________________________________________________ conv2d_1 (Conv2D) (None, 13, 13, 64) 18496 _________________________________________________________________ max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 6, 6, 64) 0 _________________________________________________________________ conv2d_2 (Conv2D) (None, 4, 4, 64) 36928 _________________________________________________________________ flatten (Flatten) (None, 1024) 0 _________________________________________________________________ dense (Dense) (None, 64) 65600 _________________________________________________________________ dense_1 (Dense) (None, 10) 650 ================================================================= Total params: 122,570 Trainable params: 122,570 Non-trainable params: 0 _________________________________________________________________
As you can see, our (4, 4, 64) outputs were flattened into vectors of shape (1024) before going through two Dense layers.
Compile and train the model
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
metrics=['accuracy'])
history = model.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=10,
validation_data=(test_images, test_labels))
Epoch 1/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 1.5295 - accuracy: 0.4441 - val_loss: 1.3232 - val_accuracy: 0.5301 Epoch 2/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 1.1693 - accuracy: 0.5868 - val_loss: 1.0998 - val_accuracy: 0.6113 Epoch 3/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 1.0127 - accuracy: 0.6444 - val_loss: 1.0281 - val_accuracy: 0.6422 Epoch 4/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.9099 - accuracy: 0.6806 - val_loss: 0.9073 - val_accuracy: 0.6825 Epoch 5/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.8317 - accuracy: 0.7088 - val_loss: 0.9311 - val_accuracy: 0.6761 Epoch 6/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.7722 - accuracy: 0.7287 - val_loss: 0.8591 - val_accuracy: 0.7061 Epoch 7/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.7173 - accuracy: 0.7490 - val_loss: 0.8435 - val_accuracy: 0.7126 Epoch 8/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.6719 - accuracy: 0.7650 - val_loss: 0.8738 - val_accuracy: 0.7058 Epoch 9/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.6330 - accuracy: 0.7782 - val_loss: 0.8754 - val_accuracy: 0.7061 Epoch 10/10 1563/1563 [==============================] - 4s 3ms/step - loss: 0.5975 - accuracy: 0.7901 - val_loss: 0.8497 - val_accuracy: 0.7167
Evaluate the model
plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='accuracy')
plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label = 'val_accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.ylim([0.5, 1])
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_images, test_labels, verbose=2)
313/313 - 1s - loss: 0.8497 - accuracy: 0.7167
print(test_acc)
0.71670001745224
Our simple CNN has achieved a test accuracy of over 70%. Not bad for a few lines of code! For another CNN style, see an example using the Keras subclassing API and a tf.GradientTape here.