Image captioning with visual attention

Given an image like the example below, your goal is to generate a caption such as "a surfer riding on a wave".

Image Source; License: Public Domain

To accomplish this, you'll use an attention-based model, which enables us to see what parts of the image the model focuses on as it generates a caption.

The model architecture is similar to Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attention.

This notebook is an end-to-end example. When you run the notebook, it downloads the MS-COCO dataset, preprocesses and caches a subset of images using Inception V3, trains an encoder-decoder model, and generates captions on new images using the trained model.

In this example, you will train a model on a relatively small amount of data—the first 30,000 captions for about 20,000 images (because there are multiple captions per image in the dataset).

import tensorflow as tf

# You'll generate plots of attention in order to see which parts of an image
# your model focuses on during captioning
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import collections
import random
import numpy as np
import os
import time
import json
from PIL import Image

Download and prepare the MS-COCO dataset

You will use the MS-COCO dataset to train your model. The dataset contains over 82,000 images, each of which has at least 5 different caption annotations. The code below downloads and extracts the dataset automatically.

Caution: large download ahead**. You'll use the training set, which is a 13GB file.

# Download caption annotation files
annotation_folder = '/annotations/'
if not os.path.exists(os.path.abspath('.') + annotation_folder):
  annotation_zip = tf.keras.utils.get_file('captions.zip',
                                           cache_subdir=os.path.abspath('.'),
                                           origin='http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/annotations_trainval2014.zip',
                                           extract=True)
  annotation_file = os.path.dirname(annotation_zip)+'/annotations/captions_train2014.json'
  os.remove(annotation_zip)

# Download image files
image_folder = '/train2014/'
if not os.path.exists(os.path.abspath('.') + image_folder):
  image_zip = tf.keras.utils.get_file('train2014.zip',
                                      cache_subdir=os.path.abspath('.'),
                                      origin='http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/train2014.zip',
                                      extract=True)
  PATH = os.path.dirname(image_zip) + image_folder
  os.remove(image_zip)
else:
  PATH = os.path.abspath('.') + image_folder

Downloading data from http://images.cocodataset.org/annotations/annotations_trainval2014.zip
252878848/252872794 [==============================] - 16s 0us/step
252887040/252872794 [==============================] - 16s 0us/step
Downloading data from http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/train2014.zip
13510574080/13510573713 [==============================] - 784s 0us/step
13510582272/13510573713 [==============================] - 784s 0us/step

Optional: limit the size of the training set

To speed up training for this tutorial, you'll use a subset of 30,000 captions and their corresponding images to train your model. Choosing to use more data would result in improved captioning quality.

with open(annotation_file, 'r') as f:
    annotations = json.load(f)

# Group all captions together having the same image ID.
image_path_to_caption = collections.defaultdict(list)
for val in annotations['annotations']:
  caption = f"<start> {val['caption']} <end>"
  image_path = PATH + 'COCO_train2014_' + '%012d.jpg' % (val['image_id'])
  image_path_to_caption[image_path].append(caption)

image_paths = list(image_path_to_caption.keys())
random.shuffle(image_paths)

# Select the first 6000 image_paths from the shuffled set.
# Approximately each image id has 5 captions associated with it, so that will
# lead to 30,000 examples.
train_image_paths = image_paths[:6000]
print(len(train_image_paths))

6000

train_captions = []
img_name_vector = []

for image_path in train_image_paths:
  caption_list = image_path_to_caption[image_path]
  train_captions.extend(caption_list)
  img_name_vector.extend([image_path] * len(caption_list))

print(train_captions[0])
Image.open(img_name_vector[0])

<start> a person trying to get a cat out of a suitcase <end>

Preprocess the images using InceptionV3

Next, you will use InceptionV3 (which is pretrained on Imagenet) to classify each image. You will extract features from the last convolutional layer.

First, you will convert the images into InceptionV3's expected format by:

• Resizing the image to 299px by 299px
• Preprocess the images using the preprocess_input method to normalize the image so that it contains pixels in the range of -1 to 1, which matches the format of the images used to train InceptionV3.

def load_image(image_path):
    img = tf.io.read_file(image_path)
    img = tf.io.decode_jpeg(img, channels=3)
    img = tf.keras.layers.Resizing(299, 299)(img)
    img = tf.keras.applications.inception_v3.preprocess_input(img)
    return img, image_path

Initialize InceptionV3 and load the pretrained Imagenet weights

Now you'll create a tf.keras model where the output layer is the last convolutional layer in the InceptionV3 architecture. The shape of the output of this layer is 8x8x2048. You use the last convolutional layer because you are using attention in this example. You don't perform this initialization during training because it could become a bottleneck.

• You forward each image through the network and store the resulting vector in a dictionary (image_name --> feature_vector).
• After all the images are passed through the network, you save the dictionary to disk.

image_model = tf.keras.applications.InceptionV3(include_top=False,
                                                weights='imagenet')
new_input = image_model.input
hidden_layer = image_model.layers[-1].output

image_features_extract_model = tf.keras.Model(new_input, hidden_layer)

Caching the features extracted from InceptionV3

You will pre-process each image with InceptionV3 and cache the output to disk. Caching the output in RAM would be faster but also memory intensive, requiring 8 * 8 * 2048 floats per image. At the time of writing, this exceeds the memory limitations of Colab (currently 12GB of memory).

Performance could be improved with a more sophisticated caching strategy (for example, by sharding the images to reduce random access disk I/O), but that would require more code.

The caching will take about 10 minutes to run in Colab with a GPU. If you'd like to see a progress bar, you can:

1. Install tqdm:

   !pip install tqdm

2. Import tqdm:

   from tqdm import tqdm

3. Change the following line:

   for img, path in image_dataset:

   to:

   for img, path in tqdm(image_dataset):

# Get unique images
encode_train = sorted(set(img_name_vector))

# Feel free to change batch_size according to your system configuration
image_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(encode_train)
image_dataset = image_dataset.map(
  load_image, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE).batch(16)

for img, path in image_dataset:
  batch_features = image_features_extract_model(img)
  batch_features = tf.reshape(batch_features,
                              (batch_features.shape[0], -1, batch_features.shape[3]))

  for bf, p in zip(batch_features, path):
    path_of_feature = p.numpy().decode("utf-8")
    np.save(path_of_feature, bf.numpy())

Preprocess and tokenize the captions

You will transform the text captions into integer sequences using the TextVectorization layer, with the following steps:

• Use adapt to iterate over all captions, split the captions into words, and compute a vocabulary of the top 5,000 words (to save memory).
• Tokenize all captions by mapping each word to it's index in the vocabulary. All output sequences will be padded to length 50.
• Create word-to-index and index-to-word mappings to display results.

caption_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(train_captions)

# We will override the default standardization of TextVectorization to preserve
# "<>" characters, so we preserve the tokens for the <start> and <end>.
def standardize(inputs):
  inputs = tf.strings.lower(inputs)
  return tf.strings.regex_replace(inputs,
                                  r"!\"#$%&\(\)\*\+.,-/:;=?@\[\\\]^_`{|}~", "")

# Max word count for a caption.
max_length = 50
# Use the top 5000 words for a vocabulary.
vocabulary_size = 5000
tokenizer = tf.keras.layers.TextVectorization(
    max_tokens=vocabulary_size,
    standardize=standardize,
    output_sequence_length=max_length)
# Learn the vocabulary from the caption data.
tokenizer.adapt(caption_dataset)

# Create the tokenized vectors
cap_vector = caption_dataset.map(lambda x: tokenizer(x))

# Create mappings for words to indices and indicies to words.
word_to_index = tf.keras.layers.StringLookup(
    mask_token="",
    vocabulary=tokenizer.get_vocabulary())
index_to_word = tf.keras.layers.StringLookup(
    mask_token="",
    vocabulary=tokenizer.get_vocabulary(),
    invert=True)

Split the data into training and testing

img_to_cap_vector = collections.defaultdict(list)
for img, cap in zip(img_name_vector, cap_vector):
  img_to_cap_vector[img].append(cap)

# Create training and validation sets using an 80-20 split randomly.
img_keys = list(img_to_cap_vector.keys())
random.shuffle(img_keys)

slice_index = int(len(img_keys)*0.8)
img_name_train_keys, img_name_val_keys = img_keys[:slice_index], img_keys[slice_index:]

img_name_train = []
cap_train = []
for imgt in img_name_train_keys:
  capt_len = len(img_to_cap_vector[imgt])
  img_name_train.extend([imgt] * capt_len)
  cap_train.extend(img_to_cap_vector[imgt])

img_name_val = []
cap_val = []
for imgv in img_name_val_keys:
  capv_len = len(img_to_cap_vector[imgv])
  img_name_val.extend([imgv] * capv_len)
  cap_val.extend(img_to_cap_vector[imgv])

len(img_name_train), len(cap_train), len(img_name_val), len(cap_val)

(24012, 24012, 6004, 6004)

Create a tf.data dataset for training

Your images and captions are ready! Next, let's create a tf.data dataset to use for training your model.

# Feel free to change these parameters according to your system's configuration

BATCH_SIZE = 64
BUFFER_SIZE = 1000
embedding_dim = 256
units = 512
num_steps = len(img_name_train) // BATCH_SIZE
# Shape of the vector extracted from InceptionV3 is (64, 2048)
# These two variables represent that vector shape
features_shape = 2048
attention_features_shape = 64

# Load the numpy files
def map_func(img_name, cap):
  img_tensor = np.load(img_name.decode('utf-8')+'.npy')
  return img_tensor, cap

dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((img_name_train, cap_train))

# Use map to load the numpy files in parallel
dataset = dataset.map(lambda item1, item2: tf.numpy_function(
          map_func, [item1, item2], [tf.float32, tf.int64]),
          num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE)

# Shuffle and batch
dataset = dataset.shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE)
dataset = dataset.prefetch(buffer_size=tf.data.AUTOTUNE)

Model

Fun fact: the decoder below is identical to the one in the example for Neural Machine Translation with Attention.

The model architecture is inspired by the Show, Attend and Tell paper.

• In this example, you extract the features from the lower convolutional layer of InceptionV3 giving us a vector of shape (8, 8, 2048).
• You squash that to a shape of (64, 2048).
• This vector is then passed through the CNN Encoder (which consists of a single Fully connected layer).
• The RNN (here GRU) attends over the image to predict the next word.

class BahdanauAttention(tf.keras.Model):
  def __init__(self, units):
    super(BahdanauAttention, self).__init__()
    self.W1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units)
    self.W2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units)
    self.V = tf.keras.layers.Dense(1)

  def call(self, features, hidden):
    # features(CNN_encoder output) shape == (batch_size, 64, embedding_dim)

    # hidden shape == (batch_size, hidden_size)
    # hidden_with_time_axis shape == (batch_size, 1, hidden_size)
    hidden_with_time_axis = tf.expand_dims(hidden, 1)

    # attention_hidden_layer shape == (batch_size, 64, units)
    attention_hidden_layer = (tf.nn.tanh(self.W1(features) +
                                         self.W2(hidden_with_time_axis)))

    # score shape == (batch_size, 64, 1)
    # This gives you an unnormalized score for each image feature.
    score = self.V(attention_hidden_layer)

    # attention_weights shape == (batch_size, 64, 1)
    attention_weights = tf.nn.softmax(score, axis=1)

    # context_vector shape after sum == (batch_size, hidden_size)
    context_vector = attention_weights * features
    context_vector = tf.reduce_sum(context_vector, axis=1)

    return context_vector, attention_weights

class CNN_Encoder(tf.keras.Model):
    # Since you have already extracted the features and dumped it
    # This encoder passes those features through a Fully connected layer
    def __init__(self, embedding_dim):
        super(CNN_Encoder, self).__init__()
        # shape after fc == (batch_size, 64, embedding_dim)
        self.fc = tf.keras.layers.Dense(embedding_dim)

    def call(self, x):
        x = self.fc(x)
        x = tf.nn.relu(x)
        return x

class RNN_Decoder(tf.keras.Model):
  def __init__(self, embedding_dim, units, vocab_size):
    super(RNN_Decoder, self).__init__()
    self.units = units

    self.embedding = tf.keras.layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim)
    self.gru = tf.keras.layers.GRU(self.units,
                                   return_sequences=True,
                                   return_state=True,
                                   recurrent_initializer='glorot_uniform')
    self.fc1 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(self.units)
    self.fc2 = tf.keras.layers.Dense(vocab_size)

    self.attention = BahdanauAttention(self.units)

  def call(self, x, features, hidden):
    # defining attention as a separate model
    context_vector, attention_weights = self.attention(features, hidden)

    # x shape after passing through embedding == (batch_size, 1, embedding_dim)
    x = self.embedding(x)

    # x shape after concatenation == (batch_size, 1, embedding_dim + hidden_size)
    x = tf.concat([tf.expand_dims(context_vector, 1), x], axis=-1)

    # passing the concatenated vector to the GRU
    output, state = self.gru(x)

    # shape == (batch_size, max_length, hidden_size)
    x = self.fc1(output)

    # x shape == (batch_size * max_length, hidden_size)
    x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, x.shape[2]))

    # output shape == (batch_size * max_length, vocab)
    x = self.fc2(x)

    return x, state, attention_weights

  def reset_state(self, batch_size):
    return tf.zeros((batch_size, self.units))

encoder = CNN_Encoder(embedding_dim)
decoder = RNN_Decoder(embedding_dim, units, tokenizer.vocabulary_size())

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam()
loss_object = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(
    from_logits=True, reduction='none')


def loss_function(real, pred):
  mask = tf.math.logical_not(tf.math.equal(real, 0))
  loss_ = loss_object(real, pred)

  mask = tf.cast(mask, dtype=loss_.dtype)
  loss_ *= mask

  return tf.reduce_mean(loss_)

Checkpoint

checkpoint_path = "./checkpoints/train"
ckpt = tf.train.Checkpoint(encoder=encoder,
                           decoder=decoder,
                           optimizer=optimizer)
ckpt_manager = tf.train.CheckpointManager(ckpt, checkpoint_path, max_to_keep=5)

start_epoch = 0
if ckpt_manager.latest_checkpoint:
  start_epoch = int(ckpt_manager.latest_checkpoint.split('-')[-1])
  # restoring the latest checkpoint in checkpoint_path
  ckpt.restore(ckpt_manager.latest_checkpoint)

Training

• You extract the features stored in the respective .npy files and then pass those features through the encoder.
• The encoder output, hidden state(initialized to 0) and the decoder input (which is the start token) is passed to the decoder.
• The decoder returns the predictions and the decoder hidden state.
• The decoder hidden state is then passed back into the model and the predictions are used to calculate the loss.
• Use teacher forcing to decide the next input to the decoder.
• Teacher forcing is the technique where the target word is passed as the next input to the decoder.
• The final step is to calculate the gradients and apply it to the optimizer and backpropagate.

# adding this in a separate cell because if you run the training cell
# many times, the loss_plot array will be reset
loss_plot = []

@tf.function
def train_step(img_tensor, target):
  loss = 0

  # initializing the hidden state for each batch
  # because the captions are not related from image to image
  hidden = decoder.reset_state(batch_size=target.shape[0])

  dec_input = tf.expand_dims([word_to_index('<start>')] * target.shape[0], 1)

  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
      features = encoder(img_tensor)

      for i in range(1, target.shape[1]):
          # passing the features through the decoder
          predictions, hidden, _ = decoder(dec_input, features, hidden)

          loss += loss_function(target[:, i], predictions)

          # using teacher forcing
          dec_input = tf.expand_dims(target[:, i], 1)

  total_loss = (loss / int(target.shape[1]))

  trainable_variables = encoder.trainable_variables + decoder.trainable_variables

  gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_variables)

  optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_variables))

  return loss, total_loss

EPOCHS = 20

for epoch in range(start_epoch, EPOCHS):
    start = time.time()
    total_loss = 0

    for (batch, (img_tensor, target)) in enumerate(dataset):
        batch_loss, t_loss = train_step(img_tensor, target)
        total_loss += t_loss

        if batch % 100 == 0:
            average_batch_loss = batch_loss.numpy()/int(target.shape[1])
            print(f'Epoch {epoch+1} Batch {batch} Loss {average_batch_loss:.4f}')
    # storing the epoch end loss value to plot later
    loss_plot.append(total_loss / num_steps)

    if epoch % 5 == 0:
      ckpt_manager.save()

    print(f'Epoch {epoch+1} Loss {total_loss/num_steps:.6f}')
    print(f'Time taken for 1 epoch {time.time()-start:.2f} sec\n')

Epoch 1 Batch 0 Loss 1.9157
Epoch 1 Batch 100 Loss 1.1384
Epoch 1 Batch 200 Loss 0.9826
Epoch 1 Batch 300 Loss 0.8792
Epoch 1 Loss 1.025084
Time taken for 1 epoch 153.68 sec

Epoch 2 Batch 0 Loss 0.8554
Epoch 2 Batch 100 Loss 0.8062
Epoch 2 Batch 200 Loss 0.7998
Epoch 2 Batch 300 Loss 0.6949
Epoch 2 Loss 0.775522
Time taken for 1 epoch 47.44 sec

Epoch 3 Batch 0 Loss 0.7251
Epoch 3 Batch 100 Loss 0.6746
Epoch 3 Batch 200 Loss 0.7269
Epoch 3 Batch 300 Loss 0.7025
Epoch 3 Loss 0.699518
Time taken for 1 epoch 47.78 sec

Epoch 4 Batch 0 Loss 0.6970
Epoch 4 Batch 100 Loss 0.6150
Epoch 4 Batch 200 Loss 0.6196
Epoch 4 Batch 300 Loss 0.6131
Epoch 4 Loss 0.650994
Time taken for 1 epoch 46.87 sec

Epoch 5 Batch 0 Loss 0.6139
Epoch 5 Batch 100 Loss 0.6305
Epoch 5 Batch 200 Loss 0.6493
Epoch 5 Batch 300 Loss 0.5535
Epoch 5 Loss 0.611642
Time taken for 1 epoch 45.06 sec

Epoch 6 Batch 0 Loss 0.6755
Epoch 6 Batch 100 Loss 0.5603
Epoch 6 Batch 200 Loss 0.5161
Epoch 6 Batch 300 Loss 0.5671
Epoch 6 Loss 0.578854
Time taken for 1 epoch 45.25 sec

Epoch 7 Batch 0 Loss 0.5575
Epoch 7 Batch 100 Loss 0.4937
Epoch 7 Batch 200 Loss 0.5625
Epoch 7 Batch 300 Loss 0.5456
Epoch 7 Loss 0.549154
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.85 sec

Epoch 8 Batch 0 Loss 0.5555
Epoch 8 Batch 100 Loss 0.5142
Epoch 8 Batch 200 Loss 0.4842
Epoch 8 Batch 300 Loss 0.5119
Epoch 8 Loss 0.519941
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.78 sec

Epoch 9 Batch 0 Loss 0.4790
Epoch 9 Batch 100 Loss 0.4654
Epoch 9 Batch 200 Loss 0.4568
Epoch 9 Batch 300 Loss 0.4468
Epoch 9 Loss 0.494242
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.99 sec

Epoch 10 Batch 0 Loss 0.4740
Epoch 10 Batch 100 Loss 0.4592
Epoch 10 Batch 200 Loss 0.4380
Epoch 10 Batch 300 Loss 0.4556
Epoch 10 Loss 0.468823
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.89 sec

Epoch 11 Batch 0 Loss 0.4488
Epoch 11 Batch 100 Loss 0.4423
Epoch 11 Batch 200 Loss 0.4317
Epoch 11 Batch 300 Loss 0.4371
Epoch 11 Loss 0.444164
Time taken for 1 epoch 45.02 sec

Epoch 12 Batch 0 Loss 0.4335
Epoch 12 Batch 100 Loss 0.4473
Epoch 12 Batch 200 Loss 0.3770
Epoch 12 Batch 300 Loss 0.4506
Epoch 12 Loss 0.421234
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.95 sec

Epoch 13 Batch 0 Loss 0.4289
Epoch 13 Batch 100 Loss 0.4215
Epoch 13 Batch 200 Loss 0.3689
Epoch 13 Batch 300 Loss 0.3864
Epoch 13 Loss 0.399234
Time taken for 1 epoch 45.16 sec

Epoch 14 Batch 0 Loss 0.4013
Epoch 14 Batch 100 Loss 0.3571
Epoch 14 Batch 200 Loss 0.3847
Epoch 14 Batch 300 Loss 0.3722
Epoch 14 Loss 0.379495
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.99 sec

Epoch 15 Batch 0 Loss 0.3879
Epoch 15 Batch 100 Loss 0.3652
Epoch 15 Batch 200 Loss 0.3025
Epoch 15 Batch 300 Loss 0.3522
Epoch 15 Loss 0.360756
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.96 sec

Epoch 16 Batch 0 Loss 0.3542
Epoch 16 Batch 100 Loss 0.3199
Epoch 16 Batch 200 Loss 0.3565
Epoch 16 Batch 300 Loss 0.3352
Epoch 16 Loss 0.344851
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.96 sec

Epoch 17 Batch 0 Loss 0.3681
Epoch 17 Batch 100 Loss 0.3477
Epoch 17 Batch 200 Loss 0.3025
Epoch 17 Batch 300 Loss 0.3349
Epoch 17 Loss 0.326141
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.89 sec

Epoch 18 Batch 0 Loss 0.3286
Epoch 18 Batch 100 Loss 0.3203
Epoch 18 Batch 200 Loss 0.3029
Epoch 18 Batch 300 Loss 0.2952
Epoch 18 Loss 0.309969
Time taken for 1 epoch 44.89 sec

Epoch 19 Batch 0 Loss 0.2942
Epoch 19 Batch 100 Loss 0.2920
Epoch 19 Batch 200 Loss 0.2899
Epoch 19 Batch 300 Loss 0.2875
Epoch 19 Loss 0.295664
Time taken for 1 epoch 46.18 sec

Epoch 20 Batch 0 Loss 0.2843
Epoch 20 Batch 100 Loss 0.2907
Epoch 20 Batch 200 Loss 0.2813
Epoch 20 Batch 300 Loss 0.2554
Epoch 20 Loss 0.283829
Time taken for 1 epoch 45.51 sec

plt.plot(loss_plot)
plt.xlabel('Epochs')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.title('Loss Plot')
plt.show()

Caption!

• The evaluate function is similar to the training loop, except you don't use teacher forcing here. The input to the decoder at each time step is its previous predictions along with the hidden state and the encoder output.
• Stop predicting when the model predicts the end token.
• And store the attention weights for every time step.

def evaluate(image):
    attention_plot = np.zeros((max_length, attention_features_shape))

    hidden = decoder.reset_state(batch_size=1)

    temp_input = tf.expand_dims(load_image(image)[0], 0)
    img_tensor_val = image_features_extract_model(temp_input)
    img_tensor_val = tf.reshape(img_tensor_val, (img_tensor_val.shape[0],
                                                 -1,
                                                 img_tensor_val.shape[3]))

    features = encoder(img_tensor_val)

    dec_input = tf.expand_dims([word_to_index('<start>')], 0)
    result = []

    for i in range(max_length):
        predictions, hidden, attention_weights = decoder(dec_input,
                                                         features,
                                                         hidden)

        attention_plot[i] = tf.reshape(attention_weights, (-1, )).numpy()

        predicted_id = tf.random.categorical(predictions, 1)[0][0].numpy()
        predicted_word = tf.compat.as_text(index_to_word(predicted_id).numpy())
        result.append(predicted_word)

        if predicted_word == '<end>':
            return result, attention_plot

        dec_input = tf.expand_dims([predicted_id], 0)

    attention_plot = attention_plot[:len(result), :]
    return result, attention_plot

def plot_attention(image, result, attention_plot):
    temp_image = np.array(Image.open(image))

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))

    len_result = len(result)
    for i in range(len_result):
        temp_att = np.resize(attention_plot[i], (8, 8))
        grid_size = max(int(np.ceil(len_result/2)), 2)
        ax = fig.add_subplot(grid_size, grid_size, i+1)
        ax.set_title(result[i])
        img = ax.imshow(temp_image)
        ax.imshow(temp_att, cmap='gray', alpha=0.6, extent=img.get_extent())

    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

# captions on the validation set
rid = np.random.randint(0, len(img_name_val))
image = img_name_val[rid]
real_caption = ' '.join([tf.compat.as_text(index_to_word(i).numpy())
                         for i in cap_val[rid] if i not in [0]])
result, attention_plot = evaluate(image)

print('Real Caption:', real_caption)
print('Prediction Caption:', ' '.join(result))
plot_attention(image, result, attention_plot)

Real Caption: <start> the bus is driving down the busy street. <end>
Prediction Caption: a bus is on the street <end>

Try it on your own images

For fun, below you're provided a method you can use to caption your own images with the model you've just trained. Keep in mind, it was trained on a relatively small amount of data, and your images may be different from the training data (so be prepared for weird results!)

image_url = 'https://tensorflow.org/images/surf.jpg'
image_extension = image_url[-4:]
image_path = tf.keras.utils.get_file('image'+image_extension, origin=image_url)

result, attention_plot = evaluate(image_path)
print('Prediction Caption:', ' '.join(result))
plot_attention(image_path, result, attention_plot)
# opening the image
Image.open(image_path)

Prediction Caption: an image of a man with man standing wearing a [UNK] into the [UNK] <end>

Next steps

Congrats! You've just trained an image captioning model with attention. Next, take a look at this example Neural Machine Translation with Attention. It uses a similar architecture to translate between Spanish and English sentences. You can also experiment with training the code in this notebook on a different dataset.