TensorFlow 1 version
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View source on GitHub
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Wide & Deep Model for regression and classification problems.
Inherits From: Model
tf.keras.experimental.WideDeepModel(
linear_model, dnn_model, activation=None, **kwargs
)
This model jointly train a linear and a dnn model.
Example:
linear_model = LinearModel()
dnn_model = keras.Sequential([keras.layers.Dense(units=64),
keras.layers.Dense(units=1)])
combined_model = WideDeepModel(dnn_model, linear_model)
combined_model.compile(optimizer=['sgd', 'adam'], 'mse', ['mse'])
# define dnn_inputs and linear_inputs as separate numpy arrays or
# a single numpy array if dnn_inputs is same as linear_inputs.
combined_model.fit([dnn_inputs, linear_inputs], y, epochs)
# or define a single `tf.data.Dataset` that contains a single tensor or
# separate tensors for dnn_inputs and linear_inputs.
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensors(([dnn_inputs, linear_inputs], y))
combined_model.fit(dataset, epochs)
Both linear and dnn model can be pre-compiled and trained separately before jointly training:
Example:
linear_model = LinearModel()
linear_model.compile('adagrad', 'mse')
linear_model.fit(linear_inputs, y, epochs)
dnn_model = keras.Sequential([keras.layers.Dense(units=1)])
dnn_model.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
dnn_model.fit(dnn_inputs, y, epochs)
combined_model = WideDeepModel(dnn_model, linear_model)
combined_model.compile(optimizer=['sgd', 'adam'], 'mse', ['mse'])
combined_model.fit([dnn_inputs, linear_inputs], y, epochs)
Args | |
|---|---|
linear_model
|
a premade LinearModel, its output must match the output of the dnn model. |
dnn_model
|
a tf.keras.Model, its output must match the output of the
linear model.
|
activation
|
Activation function. Set it to None to maintain a linear activation. |
**kwargs
|
The keyword arguments that are passed on to BaseLayer.init.
Allowed keyword arguments include name.
|
Attributes | |
|---|---|
distribute_strategy
|
The tf.distribute.Strategy this model was created under.
|
layers
|
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metrics_names
|
Returns the model's display labels for all outputs.
|
run_eagerly
|
Settable attribute indicating whether the model should run eagerly.
Running eagerly means that your model will be run step by step, like Python code. Your model might run slower, but it should become easier for you to debug it by stepping into individual layer calls. By default, we will attempt to compile your model to a static graph to deliver the best execution performance. |
state_updates
|
Returns the updates from all layers that are stateful.
This is useful for separating training updates and state updates, e.g. when we need to update a layer's internal state during prediction. |
Methods
compile
compile(
optimizer='rmsprop', loss=None, metrics=None, loss_weights=None,
sample_weight_mode=None, weighted_metrics=None, **kwargs
)
Configures the model for training.
| Arguments | |
|---|---|
optimizer
|
String (name of optimizer) or optimizer instance.
See tf.keras.optimizers.
|
loss
|
String (name of objective function), objective function or
tf.keras.losses.Loss instance. See tf.keras.losses.
An objective function is any callable with the signature
loss = fn(y_true, y_pred), where
y_true = ground truth values with shape = [batch_size, d0, .. dN],
except sparse loss functions such as sparse categorical crossentropy
where shape = [batch_size, d0, .. dN-1].
y_pred = predicted values with shape = [batch_size, d0, .. dN].
It returns a weighted loss float tensor.
If a custom Loss instance is used and reduction is set to NONE,
return value has the shape [batch_size, d0, .. dN-1] ie. per-sample
or per-timestep loss values; otherwise, it is a scalar.
If the model has multiple outputs, you can use a different loss on
each output by passing a dictionary or a list of losses. The loss
value that will be minimized by the model will then be the sum of
all individual losses.
|
metrics
|
List of metrics to be evaluated by the model during training
and testing.
Each of this can be a string (name of a built-in function), function
or a tf.keras.metrics.Metric instance. See tf.keras.metrics.
Typically you will use metrics=['accuracy']. A function is any
callable with the signature result = fn(y_true, y_pred).
To specify different metrics for different outputs of a
multi-output model, you could also pass a dictionary, such as
metrics={'output_a': 'accuracy', 'output_b': ['accuracy', 'mse']}.
You can also pass a list (len = len(outputs)) of lists of metrics
such as metrics=[['accuracy'], ['accuracy', 'mse']] or
metrics=['accuracy', ['accuracy', 'mse']].
When you pass the strings 'accuracy' or 'acc', we convert this to
one of tf.keras.metrics.BinaryAccuracy,
tf.keras.metrics.CategoricalAccuracy,
tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy based on the loss
function used and the model output shape. We do a similar conversion
for the strings 'crossentropy' and 'ce' as well.
|
loss_weights
|
Optional list or dictionary specifying scalar
coefficients (Python floats) to weight the loss contributions
of different model outputs.
The loss value that will be minimized by the model
will then be the weighted sum of all individual losses,
weighted by the loss_weights coefficients.
If a list, it is expected to have a 1:1 mapping
to the model's outputs. If a dict, it is expected to map
output names (strings) to scalar coefficients.
|
sample_weight_mode
|
If you need to do timestep-wise
sample weighting (2D weights), set this to "temporal".
None defaults to sample-wise weights (1D).
If the model has multiple outputs, you can use a different
sample_weight_mode on each output by passing a
dictionary or a list of modes.
|
weighted_metrics
|
List of metrics to be evaluated and weighted by sample_weight or class_weight during training and testing. |
**kwargs
|
Any additional arguments. For eager execution, pass
run_eagerly=True.
|
| Raises | |
|---|---|
ValueError
|
In case of invalid arguments for
optimizer, loss, metrics or sample_weight_mode.
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evaluate
evaluate(
x=None, y=None, batch_size=None, verbose=1, sample_weight=None, steps=None,
callbacks=None, max_queue_size=10, workers=1, use_multiprocessing=False,
return_dict=False
)
Returns the loss value & metrics values for the model in test mode.
Computation is done in batches.
| Arguments | |
|---|---|
x
|
Input data. It could be: - A Numpy array (or array-like), or a list
of arrays (in case the model has multiple inputs). - A TensorFlow
tensor, or a list of tensors (in case the model has multiple inputs).
|
y
|
Target data. Like the input data x, it could be either Numpy
array(s) or TensorFlow tensor(s). It should be consistent with x
(you cannot have Numpy inputs and tensor targets, or inversely). If
x is a dataset, generator or keras.utils.Sequence instance, y
should not be specified (since targets will be obtained from the
iterator/dataset).
|
batch_size
|
Integer or None. Number of samples per gradient update. If
unspecified, batch_size will default to 32. Do not specify the
batch_size if your data is in the form of a dataset, generators,
or keras.utils.Sequence instances (since they generate batches).
|
verbose
|
0 or 1. Verbosity mode. 0 = silent, 1 = progress bar. |
sample_weight
|
Optional Numpy array of weights for the test samples,
used for weighting the loss function. You can either pass a flat (1D)
Numpy array with the same length as the input samples
(1:1 mapping between weights and samples), or in the case of
temporal data, you can pass a 2D array with shape (samples,
sequence_length), to apply a different weight to every timestep
of every sample. In this case you should make sure to specify
sample_weight_mode="temporal" in compile(). This argument is
not supported when x is a dataset, instead pass sample weights
as the third element of x.
|
steps
|
Integer or None. Total number of steps (batches of samples)
before declaring the evaluation round finished. Ignored with the
default value of None. If x is a tf.data dataset and steps is
None, 'evaluate' will run until the dataset is exhausted. This
argument is not supported with array inputs.
|
callbacks
|
List of keras.callbacks.Callback instances. List of
callbacks to apply during evaluation. See
callbacks.
|
max_queue_size
|
Integer. Used for generator or keras.utils.Sequence
input only. Maximum size for the generator queue. If unspecified,
max_queue_size will default to 10.
|
workers
|
Integer. Used for generator or keras.utils.Sequence input
only. Maximum number of processes to spin up when using process-based
threading. If unspecified, workers will default to 1. If 0, will
execute the generator on the main thread.
|
use_multiprocessing
|
Boolean. Used for generator or
keras.utils.Sequence input only. If True, use process-based
threading. If unspecified, use_multiprocessing will default to
False. Note that because this implementation relies on
multiprocessing, you should not pass non-picklable arguments to the
generator as they can't be passed easily to children processes.
|
return_dict
|
If True, loss and metric results are returned as a dict,
with each key being the name of the metric. If False, they are
returned as a list.
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See the discussion of Unpacking behavior for iterator-like inputs for
Model.fit.
| Returns | |
|---|---|
Scalar test loss (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
or list of scalars (if the model has multiple outputs
and/or metrics). The attribute model.metrics_names will give you
the display labels for the scalar outputs.
|
| Raises | |
|---|---|
ValueError
|
in case of invalid arguments. |
evaluate_generator
evaluate_generator(
generator, steps=None, callbacks=None, max_queue_size=10, workers=1,
use_multiprocessing=False, verbose=0
)
Evaluates the model on a data generator. (deprecated)
DEPRECATED:
Model.evaluate now supports generators, so there is no longer any need
to use this endpoint.
fit
fit(
x=None, y=None, batch_size=None, epochs=1, verbose=1, callbacks=None,
validation_split=0.0, validation_data=None, shuffle=True, class_weight=None,
sample_weight=None, initial_epoch=0, steps_per_epoch=None,
validation_steps=None, validation_batch_size=None, validation_freq=1,
max_queue_size=10, workers=1, use_multiprocessing=False
)
Trains the model for a fixed number of epochs (iterations on a dataset).
| Arguments | |
|---|---|
x
|
Input data. It could be:
|
y
|
Target data. Like the input data x,
it could be either Numpy array(s) or TensorFlow tensor(s).
It should be consistent with x (you cannot have Numpy inputs and
tensor targets, or inversely). If x is a dataset, generator,
or keras.utils.Sequence instance, y should
not be specified (since targets will be obtained from x).
|
batch_size
|
Integer or None.
Number of samples per gradient update.
If unspecified, batch_size will default to 32.
Do not specify the batch_size if your data is in the
form of datasets, generators, or keras.utils.Sequence instances
(since they generate batches).
|
epochs
|
Integer. Number of epochs to train the model.
An epoch is an iteration over the entire x and y
data provided.
Note that in conjunction with initial_epoch,
epochs is to be understood as "final epoch".
The model is not trained for a number of iterations
given by epochs, but merely until the epoch
of index epochs is reached.
|
verbose
|
0, 1, or 2. Verbosity mode. 0 = silent, 1 = progress bar, 2 = one line per epoch. Note that the progress bar is not particularly useful when logged to a file, so verbose=2 is recommended when not running interactively (eg, in a production environment). |
callbacks
|
List of keras.callbacks.Callback instances.
List of callbacks to apply during training.
See tf.keras.callbacks.
|
validation_split
|
Float between 0 and 1.
Fraction of the training data to be used as validation data.
The model will set apart this fraction of the training data,
will not train on it, and will evaluate
the loss and any model metrics
on this data at the end of each epoch.
The validation data is selected from the last samples
in the x and y data provided, before shuffling. This argument is
not supported when x is a dataset, generator or
keras.utils.Sequence instance.
|
validation_data
|
Data on which to evaluate
the loss and any model metrics at the end of each epoch.
The model will not be trained on this data.
validation_data will override validation_split.
validation_data could be:
(x_val, y_val) of Numpy arrays or tensors(x_val, y_val, val_sample_weights) of Numpy arraysbatch_size must be provided.
For the last case, validation_steps could be provided.
Note that validation_data does not support all the data types that
are supported in x, eg, dict, generator or keras.utils.Sequence.
|
shuffle
|
Boolean (whether to shuffle the training data
before each epoch) or str (for 'batch'). This argument is ignored
when x is a generator. 'batch' is a special option for dealing
with the limitations of HDF5 data; it shuffles in batch-sized
chunks. Has no effect when steps_per_epoch is not None.
|
class_weight
|
Optional dictionary mapping class indices (integers) to a weight (float) value, used for weighting the loss function (during training only). This can be useful to tell the model to "pay more attention" to samples from an under-represented class. |
sample_weight
|
Optional Numpy array of weights for
the training samples, used for weighting the loss function
(during training only). You can either pass a flat (1D)
Numpy array with the same length as the input samples
(1:1 mapping between weights and samples),
or in the case of temporal data,
you can pass a 2D array with shape
(samples, sequence_length),
to apply a different weight to every timestep of every sample.
In this case you should make sure to specify
sample_weight_mode="temporal" in compile(). This argument is not
supported when x is a dataset, generator, or
keras.utils.Sequence instance, instead provide the sample_weights
as the third element of x.
|
initial_epoch
|
Integer. Epoch at which to start training (useful for resuming a previous training run). |
steps_per_epoch
|
Integer or None.
Total number of steps (batches of samples)
before declaring one epoch finished and starting the
next epoch. When training with input tensors such as
TensorFlow data tensors, the default None is equal to
the number of samples in your dataset divided by
the batch size, or 1 if that cannot be determined. If x is a
tf.data dataset, and 'steps_per_epoch'
is None, the epoch will run until the input dataset is exhausted.
When passing an infinitely repeating dataset, you must specify the
steps_per_epoch argument. This argument is not supported with
array inputs.
|
validation_steps
|
Only relevant if validation_data is provided and
is a tf.data dataset. Total number of steps (batches of
samples) to draw before stopping when performing validation
at the end of every epoch. If 'validation_steps' is None, validation
will run until the validation_data dataset is exhausted. In the
case of an infinitely repeated dataset, it will run into an
infinite loop. If 'validation_steps' is specified and only part of
the dataset will be consumed, the evaluation will start from the
beginning of the dataset at each epoch. This ensures that the same
validation samples are used every time.
|
validation_batch_size
|
Integer or None.
Number of samples per validation batch.
If unspecified, will default to batch_size.
Do not specify the validation_batch_size if your data is in the
form of datasets, generators, or keras.utils.Sequence instances
(since they generate batches).
|
validation_freq
|
Only relevant if validation data is provided. Integer
or collections_abc.Container instance (e.g. list, tuple, etc.).
If an integer, specifies how many training epochs to run before a
new validation run is performed, e.g. validation_freq=2 runs
validation every 2 epochs. If a Container, specifies the epochs on
which to run validation, e.g. validation_freq=[1, 2, 10] runs
validation at the end of the 1st, 2nd, and 10th epochs.
|
max_queue_size
|
Integer. Used for generator or keras.utils.Sequence
input only. Maximum size for the generator queue.
If unspecified, max_queue_size will default to 10.
|
workers
|
Integer. Used for generator or keras.utils.Sequence input
only. Maximum number of processes to spin up
when using process-based threading. If unspecified, workers
will default to 1. If 0, will execute the generator on the main
thread.
|
use_multiprocessing
|
Boolean. Used for generator or
keras.utils.Sequence input only. If True, use process-based
threading. If unspecified, use_multiprocessing will default to
False. Note that because this implementation relies on
multiprocessing, you should not pass non-picklable arguments to
the generator as they can't be passed easily to children processes.
|
Unpacking behavior for iterator-like inputs:
A common pattern is to pass a tf.data.Dataset, generator, or
tf.keras.utils.Sequence to the x argument of fit, which will in fact
yield not only features (x) but optionally targets (y) and sample weights.
Keras requires that the output of such iterator-likes be unambiguous. The
iterator should return a tuple of length 1, 2, or 3, where the optional
second and third elements will be used for y and sample_weight
respectively. Any other type provided will be wrapped in a length one
tuple, effectively treating everything as 'x'. When yielding dicts, they
should still adhere to the top-level tuple structure.
e.g. ({"x0": x0, "x1": x1}, y). Keras will not attempt to separate
features, targets, and weights from the keys of a single dict.
A notable unsupported data type is the namedtuple. The reason is that
it behaves like both an ordered datatype (tuple) and a mapping
datatype (dict). So given a namedtuple of the form:
namedtuple("example_tuple", ["y", "x"])
it is ambiguous whether to reverse the order of the elements when
interpreting the value. Even worse is a tuple of the form:
namedtuple("other_tuple", ["x", "y", "z"])
where it is unclear if the tuple was intended to be unpacked into x, y,
and sample_weight or passed through as a single element to x. As a
result the data processing code will simply raise a ValueError if it
encounters a namedtuple. (Along with instructions to remedy the issue.)
| Returns | |
|---|---|
A History object. Its History.history attribute is
a record of training loss values and metrics values
at successive epochs, as well as validation loss values
and validation metrics values (if applicable).
|
| Raises | |
|---|---|
RuntimeError
|
If the model was never compiled. |
ValueError
|
In case of mismatch between the provided input data and what the model expects. |
fit_generator
fit_generator(
generator, steps_per_epoch=None, epochs=1, verbose=1, callbacks=None,
validation_data=None, validation_steps=None, validation_freq=1,
class_weight=None, max_queue_size=10, workers=1, use_multiprocessing=False,
shuffle=True, initial_epoch=0
)
Fits the model on data yielded batch-by-batch by a Python generator. (deprecated)
DEPRECATED:
Model.fit now supports generators, so there is no longer any need to use
this endpoint.
get_layer
get_layer(
name=None, index=None
)
Retrieves a layer based on either its name (unique) or index.
If name and index are both provided, index will take precedence.
Indices are based on order of horizontal graph traversal (bottom-up).
| Arguments | |
|---|---|
name
|
String, name of layer. |
index
|
Integer, index of layer. |
| Returns | |
|---|---|
| A layer instance. |
| Raises | |
|---|---|
ValueError
|
In case of invalid layer name or index. |
load_weights
load_weights(
filepath, by_name=False, skip_mismatch=False
)
Loads all layer weights, either from a TensorFlow or an HDF5 weight file.
If by_name is False weights are loaded based on the network's
topology. This means the architecture should be the same as when the weights
were saved. Note that layers that don't have weights are not taken into
account in the topological ordering, so adding or removing layers is fine as
long as they don't have weights.
If by_name is True, weights are loaded into layers only if they share the
same name. This is useful for fine-tuning or transfer-learning models where
some of the layers have changed.
Only topological loading (by_name=False) is supported when loading weights
from the TensorFlow format. Note that topological loading differs slightly
between TensorFlow and HDF5 formats for user-defined classes inheriting from
tf.keras.Model: HDF5 loads based on a flattened list of weights, while the
TensorFlow format loads based on the object-local names of attributes to
which layers are assigned in the Model's constructor.
| Arguments | |
|---|---|
filepath
|
String, path to the weights file to load. For weight files in
TensorFlow format, this is the file prefix (the same as was passed
to save_weights).
|
by_name
|
Boolean, whether to load weights by name or by topological order. Only topological loading is supported for weight files in TensorFlow format. |
skip_mismatch
|
Boolean, whether to skip loading of layers where there is
a mismatch in the number of weights, or a mismatch in the shape of
the weight (only valid when by_name=True).
|
| Returns | |
|---|---|
When loading a weight file in TensorFlow format, returns the same status
object as tf.train.Checkpoint.restore. When graph building, restore
ops are run automatically as soon as the network is built (on first call
for user-defined classes inheriting from Model, immediately if it is
already built).
When loading weights in HDF5 format, returns |
| Raises | |
|---|---|
ImportError
|
If h5py is not available and the weight file is in HDF5 format. |
ValueError
|
If skip_mismatch is set to True when by_name is
False.
|
make_predict_function
make_predict_function()
Creates a function that executes one step of inference.
This method can be overridden to support custom inference logic.
This method is called by Model.predict and Model.predict_on_batch.
Typically, this method directly controls tf.function and
tf.distribute.Strategy settings, and delegates the actual evaluation
logic to Model.predict_step.
This function is cached the first time Model.predict or
Model.predict_on_batch is called. The cache is cleared whenever
Model.compile is called.
| Returns | |
|---|---|
Function. The function created by this method should accept a
tf.data.Iterator, and return the outputs of the Model.
|
make_test_function
make_test_function()
Creates a function that executes one step of evaluation.
This method can be overridden to support custom evaluation logic.
This method is called by Model.evaluate and Model.test_on_batch.
Typically, this method directly controls tf.function and
tf.distribute.Strategy settings, and delegates the actual evaluation
logic to Model.test_step.
This function is cached the first time Model.evaluate or
Model.test_on_batch is called. The cache is cleared whenever
Model.compile is called.
| Returns | |
|---|---|
Function. The function created by this method should accept a
tf.data.Iterator, and return a dict containing values that will
be passed to tf.keras.Callbacks.on_test_batch_end.
|
make_train_function
make_train_function()
Creates a function that executes one step of training.
This method can be overridden to support custom training logic.
This method is called by Model.fit and Model.train_on_batch.
Typically, this method directly controls tf.function and
tf.distribute.Strategy settings, and delegates the actual training
logic to Model.train_step.
This function is cached the first time Model.fit or
Model.train_on_batch is called. The cache is cleared whenever
Model.compile is called.
| Returns | |
|---|---|
Function. The function created by this method should accept a
tf.data.Iterator, and return a dict containing values that will
be passed to tf.keras.Callbacks.on_train_batch_end, such as
{'loss': 0.2, 'accuracy': 0.7}.
|
predict
predict(
x, batch_size=None, verbose=0, steps=None, callbacks=None, max_queue_size=10,
workers=1, use_multiprocessing=False
)
Generates output predictions for the input samples.
Computation is done in batches. This method is designed for performance in
large scale inputs. For small amount of inputs that fit in one batch,
directly using __call__ is recommended for faster execution, e.g.,
model(x), or model(x, training=False) if you have layers such as
tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization that behaves differently during
inference.
| Arguments | |
|---|---|
x
|
Input samples. It could be:
|