tfp.distributions.ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical

See Stable See Nightly

ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical distribution with temperature and logits.

Inherits From: Distribution

tfp.distributions.ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical(
    temperature, logits=None, probs=None, validate_args=False, allow_nan_stats=True,
    name='ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical'
)

An ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical distribution is a log-transformed RelaxedOneHotCategorical distribution. The RelaxedOneHotCategorical is a distribution over random probability vectors, vectors of positive real values that sum to one, which continuously approximates a OneHotCategorical. The degree of approximation is controlled by a temperature: as the temperature goes to 0 the RelaxedOneHotCategorical becomes discrete with a distribution described by the logits, as the temperature goes to infinity the RelaxedOneHotCategorical becomes the constant distribution that is identically the constant vector of (1/event_size, ..., 1/event_size).

Because computing log-probabilities of the RelaxedOneHotCategorical can suffer from underflow issues, this class is one solution for loss functions that depend on log-probabilities, such as the KL Divergence found in the variational autoencoder loss. The KL divergence between two distributions is invariant under invertible transformations, so evaluating KL divergences of ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical samples, which are always followed by a tf.exp op, is equivalent to evaluating KL divergences of RelaxedOneHotCategorical samples. See the appendix of Maddison et al., 2016 for more mathematical details, where this distribution is called the ExpConcrete.

Examples

Creates a continuous distribution, whose exp approximates a 3-class one-hot categorical distribution. The 2nd class is the most likely to be the largest component in samples drawn from this distribution. If those samples are followed by a tf.exp op, then they are distributed as a relaxed onehot categorical.

temperature = 0.5
p = [0.1, 0.5, 0.4]
dist = ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, probs=p)
samples = dist.sample()
exp_samples = tf.exp(samples)
# exp_samples has the same distribution as samples from
# RelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, probs=p)

Creates a continuous distribution, whose exp approximates a 3-class one-hot categorical distribution. The 2nd class is the most likely to be the largest component in samples drawn from this distribution.

temperature = 0.5
logits = [-2, 2, 0]
dist = ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, logits=logits)
samples = dist.sample()
exp_samples = tf.exp(samples)
# exp_samples has the same distribution as samples from
# RelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, probs=p)

Creates a continuous distribution, whose exp approximates a 3-class one-hot categorical distribution. Because the temperature is very low, samples from this distribution are almost discrete, with one component almost 0 and the others very negative. The 2nd class is the most likely to be the largest component in samples drawn from this distribution.

temperature = 1e-5
logits = [-2, 2, 0]
dist = ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, logits=logits)
samples = dist.sample()
exp_samples = tf.exp(samples)
# exp_samples has the same distribution as samples from
# RelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, probs=p)

Creates a continuous distribution, whose exp approximates a 3-class one-hot categorical distribution. Because the temperature is very high, samples from this distribution are usually close to the (-log(3), -log(3), -log(3)) vector. The 2nd class is still the most likely to be the largest component in samples drawn from this distribution.

temperature = 10
logits = [-2, 2, 0]
dist = ExpRelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, logits=logits)
samples = dist.sample()
exp_samples = tf.exp(samples)
# exp_samples has the same distribution as samples from
# RelaxedOneHotCategorical(temperature, probs=p)

Chris J. Maddison, Andriy Mnih, and Yee Whye Teh. The Concrete Distribution: A Continuous Relaxation of Discrete Random Variables. 2016.

Args
temperature	A Tensor, representing the temperature of one or more distributions. The temperature values must be positive, and the shape must broadcast against (logits or probs)[..., 0].
logits	An N-D Tensor, N >= 1, representing the log probabilities of one or many distributions. The first N - 1 dimensions index into a batch of independent distributions and the last dimension represents a vector of logits for each class. Only one of logits or probs should be passed in.
probs	An N-D Tensor, N >= 1, representing the probabilities of one or many distributions. The first N - 1 dimensions index into a batch of independent distributions and the last dimension represents a vector of probabilities for each class. Only one of logits or probs should be passed in.
validate_args	Python bool, default False. When True distribution parameters are checked for validity despite possibly degrading runtime performance. When False invalid inputs may silently render incorrect outputs.
allow_nan_stats	Python bool, default True. When True, statistics (e.g., mean, mode, variance) use the value "NaN" to indicate the result is undefined. When False, an exception is raised if one or more of the statistic's batch members are undefined.
name	Python str name prefixed to Ops created by this class.

Attributes
allow_nan_stats	Python bool describing behavior when a stat is undefined. Stats return +/- infinity when it makes sense. E.g., the variance of a Cauchy distribution is infinity. However, sometimes the statistic is undefined, e.g., if a distribution's pdf does not achieve a maximum within the support of the distribution, the mode is undefined. If the mean is undefined, then by definition the variance is undefined. E.g. the mean for Student's T for df = 1 is undefined (no clear way to say it is either + or - infinity), so the variance = E[(X - mean)**2] is also undefined.
batch_shape	Shape of a single sample from a single event index as a TensorShape. May be partially defined or unknown. The batch dimensions are indexes into independent, non-identical parameterizations of this distribution.
dtype	The DType of Tensors handled by this Distribution.
event_shape	Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a TensorShape. May be partially defined or unknown.
event_size	Scalar int32 tensor: the number of classes. (deprecated) Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed after 2019-10-01. Instructions for updating: The event_size property is deprecated. Use tf.shape(self.probs if self.logits is None else self.logits)[-1] instead.
experimental_shard_axis_names	The list or structure of lists of active shard axis names.
logits	Input argument logits.
name	Name prepended to all ops created by this Distribution.
name_scope	Returns a tf.name_scope instance for this class.
non_trainable_variables	Sequence of non-trainable variables owned by this module and its submodules. Note: this method uses reflection to find variables on the current instance and submodules. For performance reasons you may wish to cache the result of calling this method if you don't expect the return value to change.
parameters	Dictionary of parameters used to instantiate this Distribution.
probs	Input argument probs.
reparameterization_type	Describes how samples from the distribution are reparameterized. Currently this is one of the static instances tfd.FULLY_REPARAMETERIZED or tfd.NOT_REPARAMETERIZED.
submodules	Sequence of all sub-modules. Submodules are modules which are properties of this module, or found as properties of modules which are properties of this module (and so on). a = tf.Module() b = tf.Module() c = tf.Module() a.b = b b.c = c list(a.submodules) == [b, c] True list(b.submodules) == [c] True list(c.submodules) == [] True
temperature	Batchwise temperature tensor of a RelaxedCategorical.
trainable_variables	Sequence of trainable variables owned by this module and its submodules. Note: this method uses reflection to find variables on the current instance and submodules. For performance reasons you may wish to cache the result of calling this method if you don't expect the return value to change.
validate_args	Python bool indicating possibly expensive checks are enabled.
variables	Sequence of variables owned by this module and its submodules. Note: this method uses reflection to find variables on the current instance and submodules. For performance reasons you may wish to cache the result of calling this method if you don't expect the return value to change.

Methods

batch_shape_tensor

View source

batch_shape_tensor(
    name='batch_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single event index as a 1-D Tensor.

The batch dimensions are indexes into independent, non-identical parameterizations of this distribution.

Args
name	name to give to the op

Returns
batch_shape	Tensor.

cdf

View source

cdf(
    value, name='cdf', **kwargs
)

Cumulative distribution function.

Given random variable X, the cumulative distribution function cdf is:

cdf(x) := P[X <= x]

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
cdf	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

copy

View source

copy(
    **override_parameters_kwargs
)

Creates a deep copy of the distribution.

Note: the copy distribution may continue to depend on the original initialization arguments.

Args
**override_parameters_kwargs	String/value dictionary of initialization arguments to override with new values.

Returns
distribution	A new instance of type(self) initialized from the union of self.parameters and override_parameters_kwargs, i.e., dict(self.parameters, **override_parameters_kwargs).

covariance

View source

covariance(
    name='covariance', **kwargs
)

Covariance.

Covariance is (possibly) defined only for non-scalar-event distributions.

For example, for a length-k, vector-valued distribution, it is calculated as,

Cov[i, j] = Covariance(X_i, X_j) = E[(X_i - E[X_i]) (X_j - E[X_j])]

where Cov is a (batch of) k x k matrix, 0 <= (i, j) < k, and E denotes expectation.

Alternatively, for non-vector, multivariate distributions (e.g., matrix-valued, Wishart), Covariance shall return a (batch of) matrices under some vectorization of the events, i.e.,

Cov[i, j] = Covariance(Vec(X)_i, Vec(X)_j) = [as above]

where Cov is a (batch of) k' x k' matrices, 0 <= (i, j) < k' = reduce_prod(event_shape), and Vec is some function mapping indices of this distribution's event dimensions to indices of a length-k' vector.

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
covariance	Floating-point Tensor with shape [B1, ..., Bn, k', k'] where the first n dimensions are batch coordinates and k' = reduce_prod(self.event_shape).

cross_entropy

View source

cross_entropy(
    other, name='cross_entropy'
)

Computes the (Shannon) cross entropy.

Denote this distribution (self) by P and the other distribution by Q. Assuming P, Q are absolutely continuous with respect to one another and permit densities p(x) dr(x) and q(x) dr(x), (Shannon) cross entropy is defined as:

H[P, Q] = E_p[-log q(X)] = -int_F p(x) log q(x) dr(x)

where F denotes the support of the random variable X ~ P.

Args
other	tfp.distributions.Distribution instance.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
cross_entropy	self.dtype Tensor with shape [B1, ..., Bn] representing n different calculations of (Shannon) cross entropy.

entropy

View source

entropy(
    name='entropy', **kwargs
)

Shannon entropy in nats.

event_shape_tensor

View source

event_shape_tensor(
    name='event_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of a single sample from a single batch as a 1-D int32 Tensor.

Args
name	name to give to the op

Returns
event_shape	Tensor.

experimental_default_event_space_bijector

View source

experimental_default_event_space_bijector(
    *args, **kwargs
)

Bijector mapping the reals (R**n) to the event space of the distribution.

Distributions with continuous support may implement _default_event_space_bijector which returns a subclass of tfp.bijectors.Bijector that maps R**n to the distribution's event space. For example, the default bijector for the Beta distribution is tfp.bijectors.Sigmoid(), which maps the real line to [0, 1], the support of the Beta distribution. The default bijector for the CholeskyLKJ distribution is tfp.bijectors.CorrelationCholesky, which maps R^(k * (k-1) // 2) to the submanifold of k x k lower triangular matrices with ones along the diagonal.

The purpose of experimental_default_event_space_bijector is to enable gradient descent in an unconstrained space for Variational Inference and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods. Some effort has been made to choose bijectors such that the tails of the distribution in the unconstrained space are between Gaussian and Exponential.

For distributions with discrete event space, or for which TFP currently lacks a suitable bijector, this function returns None.

Args
*args	Passed to implementation _default_event_space_bijector.
**kwargs	Passed to implementation _default_event_space_bijector.

Returns
event_space_bijector	Bijector instance or None.

is_scalar_batch

View source

is_scalar_batch(
    name='is_scalar_batch'
)

Indicates that batch_shape == [].

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
is_scalar_batch	bool scalar Tensor.

is_scalar_event

View source

is_scalar_event(
    name='is_scalar_event'
)

Indicates that event_shape == [].

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
is_scalar_event	bool scalar Tensor.

kl_divergence

View source

kl_divergence(
    other, name='kl_divergence'
)

Computes the Kullback--Leibler divergence.

Denote this distribution (self) by p and the other distribution by q. Assuming p, q are absolutely continuous with respect to reference measure r, the KL divergence is defined as:

KL[p, q] = E_p[log(p(X)/q(X))]
         = -int_F p(x) log q(x) dr(x) + int_F p(x) log p(x) dr(x)
         = H[p, q] - H[p]

where F denotes the support of the random variable X ~ p, H[., .] denotes (Shannon) cross entropy, and H[.] denotes (Shannon) entropy.

Args
other	tfp.distributions.Distribution instance.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.

Returns
kl_divergence	self.dtype Tensor with shape [B1, ..., Bn] representing n different calculations of the Kullback-Leibler divergence.

log_cdf

View source

log_cdf(
    value, name='log_cdf', **kwargs
)

Log cumulative distribution function.

Given random variable X, the cumulative distribution function cdf is:

log_cdf(x) := Log[ P[X <= x] ]

Often, a numerical approximation can be used for log_cdf(x) that yields a more accurate answer than simply taking the logarithm of the cdf when x << -1.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
logcdf	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

log_prob

View source

log_prob(
    value, name='log_prob', **kwargs
)

Log probability density/mass function.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
log_prob	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

log_survival_function

View source

log_survival_function(
    value, name='log_survival_function', **kwargs
)

Log survival function.

Given random variable X, the survival function is defined:

log_survival_function(x) = Log[ P[X > x] ]
                         = Log[ 1 - P[X <= x] ]
                         = Log[ 1 - cdf(x) ]

Typically, different numerical approximations can be used for the log survival function, which are more accurate than 1 - cdf(x) when x >> 1.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

logits_parameter

View source

logits_parameter(
    name=None
)

Logits vec computed from non-None input arg (probs or logits).

mean

View source

mean(
    name='mean', **kwargs
)

Mean.

mode

View source

mode(
    name='mode', **kwargs
)

Mode.

param_shapes

View source

@classmethod
param_shapes(
    sample_shape, name='DistributionParamShapes'
)

Shapes of parameters given the desired shape of a call to sample(). (deprecated)

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed after 2021-03-01. Instructions for updating: The param_shapes method of tfd.Distribution is deprecated; use parameter_properties instead.

This is a class method that describes what key/value arguments are required to instantiate the given Distribution so that a particular shape is returned for that instance's call to sample().

Subclasses should override class method _param_shapes.

Args
sample_shape	Tensor or python list/tuple. Desired shape of a call to sample().
name	name to prepend ops with.

Returns
dict of parameter name to Tensor shapes.

param_static_shapes

View source

@classmethod
param_static_shapes(
    sample_shape
)

param_shapes with static (i.e. TensorShape) shapes. (deprecated)

Warning: THIS FUNCTION IS DEPRECATED. It will be removed after 2021-03-01. Instructions for updating: The param_static_shapes method of tfd.Distribution is deprecated; use parameter_properties instead.

This is a class method that describes what key/value arguments are required to instantiate the given Distribution so that a particular shape is returned for that instance's call to sample(). Assumes that the sample's shape is known statically.

Subclasses should override class method _param_shapes to return constant-valued tensors when constant values are fed.

Args
sample_shape	TensorShape or python list/tuple. Desired shape of a call to sample().

Returns
dict of parameter name to TensorShape.

Raises
ValueError	if sample_shape is a TensorShape and is not fully defined.

parameter_properties

View source

@classmethod
parameter_properties(
    dtype=tf.float32, num_classes=None
)

Returns a dict mapping constructor arg names to property annotations.

This dict should include an entry for each of the distribution's Tensor-valued constructor arguments.

Distribution subclasses are not required to implement _parameter_properties, so this method may raise NotImplementedError. Providing a _parameter_properties implementation enables several advanced features, including:

• Distribution batch slicing (sliced_distribution = distribution[i:j]).
• Automatic inference of _batch_shape and _batch_shape_tensor, which must otherwise be computed explicitly.
• Automatic instantiation of the distribution within TFP's internal property tests.
• Automatic construction of 'trainable' instances of the distribution using appropriate bijectors to avoid violating parameter constraints. This enables the distribution family to be used easily as a surrogate posterior in variational inference.

In the future, parameter property annotations may enable additional functionality; for example, returning Distribution instances from tf.vectorized_map.

Args
dtype	Optional float dtype to assume for continuous-valued parameters. Some constraining bijectors require advance knowledge of the dtype because certain constants (e.g., tfb.Softplus.low) must be instantiated with the same dtype as the values to be transformed.
num_classes	Optional int Tensor number of classes to assume when inferring the shape of parameters for categorical-like distributions. Otherwise ignored.

Returns
parameter_properties	A str ->tfp.python.internal.parameter_properties.ParameterPropertiesdict mapping constructor argument names toParameterProperties` instances.

Raises
NotImplementedError	if the distribution class does not implement _parameter_properties.

prob

View source

prob(
    value, name='prob', **kwargs
)

Probability density/mass function.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
prob	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

probs_parameter

View source

probs_parameter(
    name=None
)

Probs vec computed from non-None input arg (probs or logits).

quantile

View source

quantile(
    value, name='quantile', **kwargs
)

Quantile function. Aka 'inverse cdf' or 'percent point function'.

Given random variable X and p in [0, 1], the quantile is:

quantile(p) := x such that P[X <= x] == p

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
quantile	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

sample

View source

sample(
    sample_shape=(), seed=None, name='sample', **kwargs
)

Generate samples of the specified shape.

Note that a call to sample() without arguments will generate a single sample.

Args
sample_shape	0D or 1D int32 Tensor. Shape of the generated samples.
seed	Python integer or tfp.util.SeedStream instance, for seeding PRNG.
name	name to give to the op.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
samples	a Tensor with prepended dimensions sample_shape.

stddev

View source

stddev(
    name='stddev', **kwargs
)

Standard deviation.

Standard deviation is defined as,

stddev = E[(X - E[X])**2]**0.5

where X is the random variable associated with this distribution, E denotes expectation, and stddev.shape = batch_shape + event_shape.

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
stddev	Floating-point Tensor with shape identical to batch_shape + event_shape, i.e., the same shape as self.mean().

survival_function

View source

survival_function(
    value, name='survival_function', **kwargs
)

Survival function.

Given random variable X, the survival function is defined:

survival_function(x) = P[X > x]
                     = 1 - P[X <= x]
                     = 1 - cdf(x).

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

unnormalized_log_prob

View source

unnormalized_log_prob(
    value, name='unnormalized_log_prob', **kwargs
)

Potentially unnormalized log probability density/mass function.

This function is similar to log_prob, but does not require that the return value be normalized. (Normalization here refers to the total integral of probability being one, as it should be by definition for any probability distribution.) This is useful, for example, for distributions where the normalization constant is difficult or expensive to compute. By default, this simply calls log_prob.

Args
value	float or double Tensor.
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
unnormalized_log_prob	a Tensor of shape sample_shape(x) + self.batch_shape with values of type self.dtype.

variance

View source

variance(
    name='variance', **kwargs
)

Variance.

Variance is defined as,

Var = E[(X - E[X])**2]

where X is the random variable associated with this distribution, E denotes expectation, and Var.shape = batch_shape + event_shape.

Args
name	Python str prepended to names of ops created by this function.
**kwargs	Named arguments forwarded to subclass implementation.

Returns
variance	Floating-point Tensor with shape identical to batch_shape + event_shape, i.e., the same shape as self.mean().

with_name_scope

@classmethod
with_name_scope(
    method
)

Decorator to automatically enter the module name scope.

class MyModule(tf.Module):
  @tf.Module.with_name_scope
  def __call__(self, x):
    if not hasattr(self, 'w'):
      self.w = tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([x.shape[1], 3]))
    return tf.matmul(x, self.w)

Using the above module would produce tf.Variables and tf.Tensors whose names included the module name:

mod = MyModule()
mod(tf.ones([1, 2]))
<tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=..., dtype=float32)>
mod.w
<tf.Variable 'my_module/Variable:0' shape=(2, 3) dtype=float32,
numpy=..., dtype=float32)>

Args
method	The method to wrap.

Returns
The original method wrapped such that it enters the module's name scope.

__getitem__

View source

__getitem__(
    slices
)

Slices the batch axes of this distribution, returning a new instance.

b = tfd.Bernoulli(logits=tf.zeros([3, 5, 7, 9]))
b.batch_shape  # => [3, 5, 7, 9]
b2 = b[:, tf.newaxis, ..., -2:, 1::2]
b2.batch_shape  # => [3, 1, 5, 2, 4]

x = tf.random.normal([5, 3, 2, 2])
cov = tf.matmul(x, x, transpose_b=True)
chol = tf.linalg.cholesky(cov)
loc = tf.random.normal([4, 1, 3, 1])
mvn = tfd.MultivariateNormalTriL(loc, chol)
mvn.batch_shape  # => [4, 5, 3]
mvn.event_shape  # => [2]
mvn2 = mvn[:, 3:, ..., ::-1, tf.newaxis]
mvn2.batch_shape  # => [4, 2, 3, 1]
mvn2.event_shape  # => [2]

Args
slices	slices from the [] operator

Returns
dist	A new tfd.Distribution instance with sliced parameters.

__iter__

View source

__iter__()