tf.linalg.LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate

Perturb a LinearOperator with a rank K update.

Inherits From: LinearOperator

View aliases

Compat aliases for migration

See Migration guide for more details.

tf.compat.v1.linalg.LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate, `tf.compat.v2.linalg.LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate`

tf.linalg.LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate(
    base_operator, u, diag_update=None, v=None, is_diag_update_positive=None,
    is_non_singular=None, is_self_adjoint=None, is_positive_definite=None,
    is_square=None, name='LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate'
)

This operator acts like a [batch] matrix A with shape [B1,...,Bb, M, N] for some b >= 0. The first b indices index a batch member. For every batch index (i1,...,ib), A[i1,...,ib, : :] is an M x N matrix.

LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate represents A = L + U D V^H, where

L, is a LinearOperator representing [batch] M x N matrices
U, is a [batch] M x K matrix.  Typically K << M.
D, is a [batch] K x K matrix.
V, is a [batch] N x K matrix.  Typically K << N.
V^H is the Hermitian transpose (adjoint) of V.

If M = N, determinants and solves are done using the matrix determinant lemma and Woodbury identities, and thus require L and D to be non-singular.

Solves and determinants will be attempted unless the "is_non_singular" property of L and D is False.

In the event that L and D are positive-definite, and U = V, solves and determinants can be done using a Cholesky factorization.

# Create a 3 x 3 diagonal linear operator.
diag_operator = LinearOperatorDiag(
    diag_update=[1., 2., 3.], is_non_singular=True, is_self_adjoint=True,
    is_positive_definite=True)

# Perturb with a rank 2 perturbation
operator = LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate(
    operator=diag_operator,
    u=[[1., 2.], [-1., 3.], [0., 0.]],
    diag_update=[11., 12.],
    v=[[1., 2.], [-1., 3.], [10., 10.]])

operator.shape
==> [3, 3]

operator.log_abs_determinant()
==> scalar Tensor

x = ... Shape [3, 4] Tensor
operator.matmul(x)
==> Shape [3, 4] Tensor

Shape compatibility

This operator acts on [batch] matrix with compatible shape. x is a batch matrix with compatible shape for matmul and solve if

operator.shape = [B1,...,Bb] + [M, N],  with b >= 0
x.shape =        [B1,...,Bb] + [N, R],  with R >= 0.

Performance

Suppose operator is a LinearOperatorLowRankUpdate of shape [M, N], made from a rank K update of base_operator which performs .matmul(x) on x having x.shape = [N, R] with O(L_matmul*N*R) complexity (and similarly for solve, determinant. Then, if x.shape = [N, R],

• operator.matmul(x) is O(L_matmul*N*R + K*N*R)

and if M = N,

• operator.solve(x) is O(L_matmul*N*R + N*K*R + K^2*R + K^3)
• operator.determinant() is O(L_determinant + L_solve*N*K + K^2*N + K^3)

If instead operator and x have shape [B1,...,Bb, M, N] and [B1,...,Bb, N, R], every operation increases in complexity by B1*...*Bb.

Matrix property hints

This LinearOperator is initialized with boolean flags of the form is_X, for X = non_singular, self_adjoint, positive_definite, diag_update_positive and square. These have the following meaning:

• If is_X == True, callers should expect the operator to have the property X. This is a promise that should be fulfilled, but is not a runtime assert. For example, finite floating point precision may result in these promises being violated.
• If is_X == False, callers should expect the operator to not have X.
• If is_X == None (the default), callers should have no expectation either way.

Args
base_operator	Shape [B1,...,Bb, M, N].
u	Shape [B1,...,Bb, M, K] Tensor of same dtype as base_operator. This is U above.
diag_update	Optional shape [B1,...,Bb, K] Tensor with same dtype as base_operator. This is the diagonal of D above. Defaults to D being the identity operator.
v	Optional Tensor of same dtype as u and shape [B1,...,Bb, N, K] Defaults to v = u, in which case the perturbation is symmetric. If M != N, then v must be set since the perturbation is not square.
is_diag_update_positive	Python bool. If True, expect diag_update > 0.
is_non_singular	Expect that this operator is non-singular. Default is None, unless is_positive_definite is auto-set to be True (see below).
is_self_adjoint	Expect that this operator is equal to its hermitian transpose. Default is None, unless base_operator is self-adjoint and v = None (meaning u=v), in which case this defaults to True.
is_positive_definite	Expect that this operator is positive definite. Default is None, unless base_operator is positive-definite v = None (meaning u=v), and is_diag_update_positive, in which case this defaults to True. Note that we say an operator is positive definite when the quadratic form x^H A x has positive real part for all nonzero x.
is_square	Expect that this operator acts like square [batch] matrices.
name	A name for this LinearOperator.

Raises
ValueError	If is_X flags are set in an inconsistent way.

Attributes
H	Returns the adjoint of the current LinearOperator. Given A representing this LinearOperator, return A*. Note that calling self.adjoint() and self.H are equivalent.
base_operator	If this operator is A = L + U D V^H, this is the L.
batch_shape	TensorShape of batch dimensions of this LinearOperator. If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns TensorShape([B1,...,Bb]), equivalent to A.shape[:-2]
diag_operator	If this operator is A = L + U D V^H, this is D.
diag_update	If this operator is A = L + U D V^H, this is the diagonal of D.
domain_dimension	Dimension (in the sense of vector spaces) of the domain of this operator. If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns N.
dtype	The DType of Tensors handled by this LinearOperator.
graph_parents	List of graph dependencies of this LinearOperator.
is_diag_update_positive	If this operator is A = L + U D V^H, this hints D > 0 elementwise.
is_non_singular
is_positive_definite
is_self_adjoint
is_square	Return True/False depending on if this operator is square.
range_dimension	Dimension (in the sense of vector spaces) of the range of this operator. If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns M.
shape	TensorShape of this LinearOperator. If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns TensorShape([B1,...,Bb, M, N]), equivalent to A.shape.
tensor_rank	Rank (in the sense of tensors) of matrix corresponding to this operator. If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns b + 2.
u	If this operator is A = L + U D V^H, this is the U.
v	If this operator is A = L + U D V^H, this is the V.

Methods

add_to_tensor

View source

add_to_tensor(
    x, name='add_to_tensor'
)

Add matrix represented by this operator to x. Equivalent to A + x.

Args
x	Tensor with same dtype and shape broadcastable to self.shape.
name	A name to give this Op.

Returns
A Tensor with broadcast shape and same dtype as self.

adjoint

View source

adjoint(
    name='adjoint'
)

Returns the adjoint of the current LinearOperator.

Given A representing this LinearOperator, return A*. Note that calling self.adjoint() and self.H are equivalent.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
LinearOperator which represents the adjoint of this LinearOperator.

assert_non_singular

View source

assert_non_singular(
    name='assert_non_singular'
)

Returns an Op that asserts this operator is non singular.

This operator is considered non-singular if

ConditionNumber < max{100, range_dimension, domain_dimension} * eps,
eps := np.finfo(self.dtype.as_numpy_dtype).eps

Args
name	A string name to prepend to created ops.

Returns
An Assert Op, that, when run, will raise an InvalidArgumentError if the operator is singular.

assert_positive_definite

View source

assert_positive_definite(
    name='assert_positive_definite'
)

Returns an Op that asserts this operator is positive definite.

Here, positive definite means that the quadratic form x^H A x has positive real part for all nonzero x. Note that we do not require the operator to be self-adjoint to be positive definite.

Args
name	A name to give this Op.

Returns
An Assert Op, that, when run, will raise an InvalidArgumentError if the operator is not positive definite.

assert_self_adjoint

View source

assert_self_adjoint(
    name='assert_self_adjoint'
)

Returns an Op that asserts this operator is self-adjoint.

Here we check that this operator is exactly equal to its hermitian transpose.

Args
name	A string name to prepend to created ops.

Returns
An Assert Op, that, when run, will raise an InvalidArgumentError if the operator is not self-adjoint.

batch_shape_tensor

View source

batch_shape_tensor(
    name='batch_shape_tensor'
)

Shape of batch dimensions of this operator, determined at runtime.

If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns a Tensor holding [B1,...,Bb].

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
int32 Tensor

cholesky

View source

cholesky(
    name='cholesky'
)

Returns a Cholesky factor as a LinearOperator.

Given A representing this LinearOperator, if A is positive definite self-adjoint, return L, where A = L L^T, i.e. the cholesky decomposition.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
LinearOperator which represents the lower triangular matrix in the Cholesky decomposition.

Raises
ValueError	When the LinearOperator is not hinted to be positive definite and self adjoint.

determinant

View source

determinant(
    name='det'
)

Determinant for every batch member.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
Tensor with shape self.batch_shape and same dtype as self.

Raises
NotImplementedError	If self.is_square is False.

diag_part

View source

diag_part(
    name='diag_part'
)

Efficiently get the [batch] diagonal part of this operator.

If this operator has shape [B1,...,Bb, M, N], this returns a Tensor diagonal, of shape [B1,...,Bb, min(M, N)], where diagonal[b1,...,bb, i] = self.to_dense()[b1,...,bb, i, i].

my_operator = LinearOperatorDiag([1., 2.])

# Efficiently get the diagonal
my_operator.diag_part()
==> [1., 2.]

# Equivalent, but inefficient method
tf.linalg.diag_part(my_operator.to_dense())
==> [1., 2.]

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
diag_part	A Tensor of same dtype as self.

domain_dimension_tensor

View source

domain_dimension_tensor(
    name='domain_dimension_tensor'
)

Dimension (in the sense of vector spaces) of the domain of this operator.

Determined at runtime.

If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns N.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
int32 Tensor

inverse

View source

inverse(
    name='inverse'
)

Returns the Inverse of this LinearOperator.

Given A representing this LinearOperator, return a LinearOperator representing A^-1.

Args
name	A name scope to use for ops added by this method.

Returns
LinearOperator representing inverse of this matrix.

Raises
ValueError	When the LinearOperator is not hinted to be non_singular.

log_abs_determinant

View source

log_abs_determinant(
    name='log_abs_det'
)

Log absolute value of determinant for every batch member.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
Tensor with shape self.batch_shape and same dtype as self.

Raises
NotImplementedError	If self.is_square is False.

matmul

View source

matmul(
    x, adjoint=False, adjoint_arg=False, name='matmul'
)

Transform [batch] matrix x with left multiplication: x --> Ax.

# Make an operator acting like batch matrix A.  Assume A.shape = [..., M, N]
operator = LinearOperator(...)
operator.shape = [..., M, N]

X = ... # shape [..., N, R], batch matrix, R > 0.

Y = operator.matmul(X)
Y.shape
==> [..., M, R]

Y[..., :, r] = sum_j A[..., :, j] X[j, r]

Args
x	LinearOperator or Tensor with compatible shape and same dtype as self. See class docstring for definition of compatibility.
adjoint	Python bool. If True, left multiply by the adjoint: A^H x.
adjoint_arg	Python bool. If True, compute A x^H where x^H is the hermitian transpose (transposition and complex conjugation).
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
A LinearOperator or Tensor with shape [..., M, R] and same dtype as self.

matvec

View source

matvec(
    x, adjoint=False, name='matvec'
)

Transform [batch] vector x with left multiplication: x --> Ax.

# Make an operator acting like batch matric A.  Assume A.shape = [..., M, N]
operator = LinearOperator(...)

X = ... # shape [..., N], batch vector

Y = operator.matvec(X)
Y.shape
==> [..., M]

Y[..., :] = sum_j A[..., :, j] X[..., j]

Args
x	Tensor with compatible shape and same dtype as self. x is treated as a [batch] vector meaning for every set of leading dimensions, the last dimension defines a vector. See class docstring for definition of compatibility.
adjoint	Python bool. If True, left multiply by the adjoint: A^H x.
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
A Tensor with shape [..., M] and same dtype as self.

range_dimension_tensor

View source

range_dimension_tensor(
    name='range_dimension_tensor'
)

Dimension (in the sense of vector spaces) of the range of this operator.

Determined at runtime.

If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns M.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
int32 Tensor

shape_tensor

View source

shape_tensor(
    name='shape_tensor'
)

Shape of this LinearOperator, determined at runtime.

If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns a Tensor holding [B1,...,Bb, M, N], equivalent to tf.shape(A).

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
int32 Tensor

solve

View source

solve(
    rhs, adjoint=False, adjoint_arg=False, name='solve'
)

Solve (exact or approx) R (batch) systems of equations: A X = rhs.

The returned Tensor will be close to an exact solution if A is well conditioned. Otherwise closeness will vary. See class docstring for details.

Examples:

# Make an operator acting like batch matrix A.  Assume A.shape = [..., M, N]
operator = LinearOperator(...)
operator.shape = [..., M, N]

# Solve R > 0 linear systems for every member of the batch.
RHS = ... # shape [..., M, R]

X = operator.solve(RHS)
# X[..., :, r] is the solution to the r'th linear system
# sum_j A[..., :, j] X[..., j, r] = RHS[..., :, r]

operator.matmul(X)
==> RHS

Args
rhs	Tensor with same dtype as this operator and compatible shape. rhs is treated like a [batch] matrix meaning for every set of leading dimensions, the last two dimensions defines a matrix. See class docstring for definition of compatibility.
adjoint	Python bool. If True, solve the system involving the adjoint of this LinearOperator: A^H X = rhs.
adjoint_arg	Python bool. If True, solve A X = rhs^H where rhs^H is the hermitian transpose (transposition and complex conjugation).
name	A name scope to use for ops added by this method.

Returns
Tensor with shape [...,N, R] and same dtype as rhs.

Raises
NotImplementedError	If self.is_non_singular or is_square is False.

solvevec

View source

solvevec(
    rhs, adjoint=False, name='solve'
)

Solve single equation with best effort: A X = rhs.

The returned Tensor will be close to an exact solution if A is well conditioned. Otherwise closeness will vary. See class docstring for details.

Examples:

# Make an operator acting like batch matrix A.  Assume A.shape = [..., M, N]
operator = LinearOperator(...)
operator.shape = [..., M, N]

# Solve one linear system for every member of the batch.
RHS = ... # shape [..., M]

X = operator.solvevec(RHS)
# X is the solution to the linear system
# sum_j A[..., :, j] X[..., j] = RHS[..., :]

operator.matvec(X)
==> RHS

Args
rhs	Tensor with same dtype as this operator. rhs is treated like a [batch] vector meaning for every set of leading dimensions, the last dimension defines a vector. See class docstring for definition of compatibility regarding batch dimensions.
adjoint	Python bool. If True, solve the system involving the adjoint of this LinearOperator: A^H X = rhs.
name	A name scope to use for ops added by this method.

Returns
Tensor with shape [...,N] and same dtype as rhs.

Raises
NotImplementedError	If self.is_non_singular or is_square is False.

tensor_rank_tensor

View source

tensor_rank_tensor(
    name='tensor_rank_tensor'
)

Rank (in the sense of tensors) of matrix corresponding to this operator.

If this operator acts like the batch matrix A with A.shape = [B1,...,Bb, M, N], then this returns b + 2.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
int32 Tensor, determined at runtime.

to_dense

View source

to_dense(
    name='to_dense'
)

Return a dense (batch) matrix representing this operator.

trace

View source

trace(
    name='trace'
)

Trace of the linear operator, equal to sum of self.diag_part().

If the operator is square, this is also the sum of the eigenvalues.

Args
name	A name for this Op.

Returns
Shape [B1,...,Bb] Tensor of same dtype as self.